Lighting lamps: types, characteristics, purpose. Types of lighting all the usual incandescent lamps

Modern interior can not be imagined without competent lighting. Thanks to him, the room is filled with special energy, the color of curtains and walls becomes more expressive, and the room is spacious. But getting acquainted with the assortment of shops, many people have a stupor - manufacturers offer a huge number of types of lighting, which many hear for the first time. So, what kind of lighting devices are used in modern interiors? About this below.

Types of room lighting

Depending on the light source, lighting can be artificial and natural. In the daytime people rely heavily on natural light (the light of the sky, the sun), but in the evening it is not enough and one has to resort to electric lighting. It is through artificial light that it is possible to achieve interesting light transitions that emphasize the texture of the wallpaper, the depth of niches and the many-tiered ceilings. Depending on the desired effect, you can use one of the types of lighting in the interior:

Using certain types of lighting, you can either focus on certain features. So, in the hall combined with the dining room with modern sconces, you can highlight the TV area, and for the dining area use chandeliers on long suspensions. The unifying link in this situation will be a hidden illumination of the ceiling, held around the perimeter of the room. Stylish and modern!

Interior designers like to experiment not only with light, but with materials and forms of lamps. They understand that thanks to a well-designed bubble can create a highlight in the interior, make it more meaningful and unusual.

So, for the children's room you can use cute miniature sconces, which work from an ordinary finger battery or battery. They fill the room with a soft unobtrusive light that does not prevent the baby from sleeping and at the same time creates a feeling of protection in case the child wakes up. Such lamps are made in the form of toys, fairy-tale characters and animals.

For the adult audience, more rigorous and laconic forms are chosen, which in turn carry a certain semantic load. Lamps in the form of a drooping drop, a tree, a balloon or a blossoming flower bud - fantasy decorators have no limit.

The main purpose of lighting fixtures is the redistribution of lamp light in space. In addition, the light fixture is able to convert the properties of lamp light (polarize it or change the spectral composition). No less important are such functions of light fixtures as fastening a lamp and bringing it to power from an energy source, protecting the lamp from mechanical damage and from environmental influences.

The main classification of light devices

As it was said, the light devices are divided according to their purpose into lighting and light signals. At the same time, their designs and optical systems do not differ in principle.

If light devices are considered from the point of view of redistribution of light, then they can be divided into three main types: 1) lamps; 2) searchlight devices (projectors) and 3) projector-type instruments (projectors).

A luminaire is a light device that redistributes the light of a lamp inside significant corners of the corners.

The luminaires do not create a large concentration light flux in a certain direction, or do not concentrate it at all. Simply put, the fixtures are designed to illuminate closely or relatively closely located objects.

The design of the lamp allows the installation of two or more lamps. In the lighting fixture fixtures with gas-discharge lamps or light-emitting diodes can include devices for their ignition, stabilization of work or simply power.

Fixtures for lighting, in contrast to signal lamps, are usually abbreviated as "fixtures."

A searchlight is a light device that redistributes the light of a lamp inside small corners.

The luminous flux of the searchlight is collected in a narrow beam directed strictly in a certain direction. Therefore, the purpose of the searchlight is to illuminate distant or significantly removed objects. The distance to the object illuminated by the searchlight can reach several thousand times the size of the spotlight itself.

Among the searchlights it is necessary to allocate spotlights of general purpose, search and light-signal floodlights, beacons, traffic lights and headlights.

Projectors of general purpose are used for prolonged illumination of working surfaces and open spaces, architectural monuments, facades of buildings and other objects. A common for this group is the name floodlights of flood light.

Searchlights are long-range projectors and are intended for short-term illumination of highly remote objects for the purpose of their detection, they can be used as anti-aircraft searchlights, marine searchlights and other objects.

Light beacons (airfield, sea, river, navigational and others) provide signaling about the location of the lighthouse.

Signal floodlights are intended for the transmission of signals on the Morse code or on another system. For example, to signal projectors, one can classify light devices for discotheques. Here is an example of a modern "intelligent" lighting device for discos.

Traffic lights are used to transmit light signals that regulate traffic and people.

Headlights are external searchlight devices installed on vehicles for road lighting.

A projector is a light device that carries out the concentration of the light flux on a small surface (or in some small volume). Projectors are an illuminating part of light-projecting optical instruments that concentrate light stream on a frame window, in which is located a picture or a slide, represented by an objective on the screen (screen projectors). Technological projectors (concentrators) intended for radiant heating of objects, for example, evaporation of liquids, melting of metals, and pumping lasers, have also spread.

Screen projectors are divided into episcopic, diascopic and epidascopic. Bishops are designed to project onto the screen surfaces sending a reflected light stream (from drawings, drawings) to the lens. In diascopes, the projected surface (slide, film) sends a light stream that has passed through it through the lens. Epidioscopes can work both as bishops and as diascopes.

Thus, the main characteristic determining the subdivision of light devices into fixtures, projectors and projectors is the degree and nature of the concentration of the light flux of the lamp in the beam of the device. In turn, all types of light devices can be divided into groups in accordance with the classification below.

Lighting devices are a subclass of lighting products, which traditionally combine also light sources, ballasts for gas-discharge lamps and light-emitting diodes, as well as lighting electrical wiring products.

Additional classification of light devices

An additional sign of the classification of light devices is their subdivision by the types of light sources used: incandescent lamps, arc, metal- halogen lamps, sodium lamps of low and high pressure, xenon lamps, light, flash lamps, electric arcs, LEDs and others. In this case, further detailing on this feature is possible, for example, lamps for incandescent lamps of general purpose, incandescent lamps, lamps for miniature incandescent lamps, lighting fixtures for lamp-lamps and so on. Classification in this direction can be completed by taking into account the size of the instrument in terms of power, lamp performance (for example, in the shape of a bulb) and the number of lamps in one luminaire.

Similarly, for luminaires with fluorescent lamps we have: luminaires for ordinary rectilinear tubular fluorescent lamps, for fluorescent lamps of increased intensity, for metric fluorescent lamps, for erythemic fluorescent lamps, for reflector fluorescent lamps, for ring fluorescent lamps, for U-shaped fluorescent lamps, for compact fluorescent lamps and so on.

Separate types and groups of light devices can be classified into instruments of long-term (permanent), short-term or flashing action; on performance for work in certain conditions  operation (temperature, humidity, concentration of dust, chemically active and explosive substances); on mechanical loads and vibrations; protection against electric shock; by the method of supply (network, autonomous); if possible, movement during operation; as far as possible changes in the position of the optical system of the light device and other signs.

It is interesting to note that it is also possible to classify light devices from the point of view of the location of the radiation source in relation to the lighting fixture. According to this principle, light devices can be divided into devices with their own and with an autonomous radiation source (referred to some distance from the light-distributing elements, for example, light devices with LEDs).

It can be seen from the above (although the above classification does not affect the form, material, constructive features  and a number of other distinguishing features of light devices), how wide is the nomenclature of these products. In this regard, it is not surprising that there are several thousand versions of only luminaires for lighting various rooms.

Terms that require additional clarification

Luminaries general lighting   called lighting fixtures designed for general lighting of rooms and open spaces.

Fixtures of local illumination  are luminaires designed mainly for lighting work surfaces.

Combined light luminaires  called devices that create (sequentially or simultaneously) both general and local lighting.

Stationary light device  - the device fixed on the installation site, for removal of which it is required to use the tool.

Non-stationary light device  can be removed from the field of operation without the use of tools and moved from one place to another.

Portable light device  - non-stationary device with individual power source  or connected to the supply network by a long flexible wire, not disconnected when moving the light device.

Division of light devices by installation method

By the method of installation, the light devices are divided as follows.

Suspended light devices  called devices for fixing to the supporting surface from below with the help of the attachment unit with a height of more than 0.1 m. At the same time, the multi-lamp is called a chandelier.

Ceiling Light Fixture  fastened to the ceiling directly or with the help of a fastening unit with a height of not more than 0.1 m.

Built-in light device  The device for installation in a ceiling, a niche or for embedding in the equipment is called.

Attached light fixture  a light device fixed permanently on the equipment is considered to be an integral element (but not embedded in it).

Wall Light Fixture  is designed for installation on a vertical support surface.

To a subgroup supporting light devices include table, floor, crown and cantilever fixtures. In this case, under the reference we mean lighting fixtures designed to be installed on the upper side of a horizontal surface or fixed to it by means of a post or a support. If under the desktop are meant lamps for installation on a table or other furniture, under floor - for installation on the floor, the crowning lamp is called a supporting lamp to illuminate open spaces, and the cantilever is a supporting lamp whose light center is displaced with respect to the vertical passing through the point of attachment of the support .

Manual light device  called a portable device, which is connected by a flexible wire to the supply network and during operation is located in the hand. At the same time, it is a portable light device that is powered by an individual source of current and is located in the hand during operation.

Head light device  while working on the head.

End light device  is intended for installation in the tail part of vehicles.

It should be noted that the terms "sconce" (a synonym of a wall lamp), a "floor lamp" (floor lamp), a "plafond" (ceiling light) used in some cases, are not currently used.

Under the term "decorative lamp", which is encountered in the lighting literature, the term "decorative lamp" is understood as a lamp, which is basically a decorative element of an interior or exterior and plays a limited role in creating the necessary lighting conditions, and a "night lamp" is usually called a luminaire that allows orientation in a room in the dark.

To date, most of the light sources are electrical. About 15% of the total amount of electricity produced is consumed by lighting equipment. To reduce power consumption, increase light output and increase the life of light sources, it is necessary to use the most economical light sources, gradually abandoning older and unjustifiably energy-consuming analogs.

Lighting lamps

Consider the generally accepted classification. Based on the principles of the operation of electrical appliances in terms of lighting, the following types of lighting lamps are distinguished: incandescent lamps, including halogen incandescent lamps and discharge lamps, and LEDs, which have become increasingly popular over the past few years.

It is worth noting that the lamps differ in shape, size, quantity of energy consumed and heat emission, service life, cost. So, let's consider the lighting in more detail and determine the advantages and disadvantages of each kind.

Types of lamps

Which lamp is the cheapest and easy to use? This is the familiar lamp of incandescent lighting - a veteran in the work of numerous household electrical appliances. The low price and ease of operation make them popular for more than a decade. They are not afraid of temperature changes, they instantly ignited and do not contain dangerous fumes of mercury. They produce lamps of different power from 25 to 150 W. True, the number of working hours for such lamps is low, only 1000, and the consumption of electricity is much higher than that of energy-saving analogs. Over time, due to the vapors released during the operation, the glass of the bulb becomes turbid and loses its brightness. Therefore they are unprofitable, and in due course they are refused. So, in many European countries, their production and sale are stopped and prohibited by law.

Reflector lamps

The reflex incandescent lamps also found their application. In many respects they resemble conventional lamp  incandescence, the only difference is the silvered surface. This is used to create directional lighting at a certain point, for example, in a display case or billboard. Mark them R50, R63, and R80, where the number indicates the diameter. They are simple to use, equipped with a threaded base of standard sizes E14 or E27.

Fluorescent lamps

As is known, about 15% of all generated electricity is needed to operate lighting equipment. Agree, because it is very much. To reduce this indicator, it is necessary to switch to more economical light sources. According to the current legislation, since 2014 the power of lighting lamps should not exceed 25 W. In place of the usual incandescent bulbs came energy-saving luminescent, which consume five times less electricity, while the level of lighting remains the same. What are they? This is a glass bulb of white color, covered on the inside with a phosphor and containing an inert gas with a small amount of mercury vapor. The collision of electrons with mercury vapor yields ultraviolet radiation, and it, in turn, is converted to light by the phosphor, which we are accustomed to seeing.

The lifetime of such lamps is about a year, or 10,000 hours of continuous operation. But lighting lamps  of this type have one significant drawback: they contain mercury. Therefore, they require very careful use and special disposal conditions. They can not be dropped or simply thrown into the garbage can - after all, as is known, mercury vapors, even in small quantities, are very dangerous. In addition, getting into the air, they do not dissolve, but hang, poisoning everything around. Thus, the amount of mercury vapor from one broken lamp is approximately 50 mg 3, with an acceptable level of vapor concentration of 0.01 mg / m 3.

Another drawback of such lamps: the color of some of them is unpleasant for the eyes, their coverage is quite aggressive. The output is: when choosing a lamp, you should take into account its color temperature. It is measured in Kelvin (K). So, a softer, warmer hue is given by lamps marked 2700K - 3000K, this is the most optimal indicator for human eyes when working indoors, since it is the closest to the natural solar lighting.

Application of daylight lamps

Among the huge number of lamps there are those whose main task is to work continuously for hours on end. They are used in rooms of a certain type: hospitals, supermarkets, warehouses, offices. It is believed that their light is the closest to the natural, hence the name: daylight lamps.

Lamps are produced in the form of an elongated glass tube with contact electrodes at the edges. They found application in the home. They are used as the main source of light on the ceiling or mounted on the walls as an additional. Very convenient, for example, in the kitchen, above the work surface, when directional lighting is necessary, or as decorative lighting in niches, under shelves and paintings, for illuminating aquariums or heating indoor plants in the cold season. They work from an ordinary network and do not require special current converters. Such lamps are considered to be energy-saving, since in comparison with incandescent lamp  They are practically not heated by the old sample, they consume up to 10 times less energy, and their service life is about 10,000 hours of continuous operation. But there is one nuance: such lighting is usually used indoors at a temperature of 15-25 degrees. At lower temperatures, they simply will not work. In addition to white and yellow, these lamps can emit other shades: blue, red, green, blue, ultraviolet. The choice of colors depends on the purpose and the field of application.

Halogen lamps

To date, not one type of lamp is used, consuming half the electric power than their predecessors. Such lamps are classed as energy-saving. These halogen lighting lamps are widely used in everyday life. Due to their compact dimensions, it is convenient to use them in lighting fixtures such as lamps, sconces, ceiling lamps with a non-standard bubble, for decorative built-in lighting. To fill the bulb of such a lamp a mixture of special gases with bromine or iodine vapor is used. When the device is connected to the network, the filament (tungsten spiral) warms up and gives a glow. Unlike the usual light bulb, here tungsten does not settle on the walls of the bulb when heated, but in conjunction with the gas gives a brighter and longer glow, up to 4000 hours. Such lamps radiate ultraviolet rays, which is very harmful to the eyes. Therefore, quality lamps have a special protective coating. They are very sensitive to voltage drops and very quickly can fail.

Energy-saving lamps

A universal and energy-efficient light source for today is considered to be those that use several times less energy for work, while not reducing the power of the produced stream. Such as, energy-saving lampsintended for residential and office space. They are universal and can be used in lighting devices of different types.

The characteristic of lighting lamps of this type: the consumption of electricity is several times lower than that of incandescent lamps, they serve up to 10 times longer, do not heat up, do not flicker, do not hum, are strong enough and do not contain dangerous components.

Among the shortcomings can be identified the following: slow warming up (up to 2 minutes), work at a temperature not lower than 15 degrees. They can not be used outdoors in open luminaires.

The main advantages of LEDs

But one of the most profitable in terms of energy savings are LED or LED-lamps. Translated from English LED - light emittingdiode - "light-emitting diode". Light output of such lamps is 60-100 Lm / W, and the average service life is 30 000-50 000 hours. At the same time, modern lighting lamps of this type do not heat up and are completely safe to operate. Well, if one of the light bulbs burns, this will not affect the operation of the whole mechanism, it will continue to work.


The color temperature is quite diverse - from soft yellow to cold white. The choice of color depends on the use of the room and the preferences of the host. So, for example, for office it is better to choose a bright white with 6400K mark, for a children's room natural light, not such aggressive, 4200К, and for a bedroom - a little yellowish shade, 2700К will approach.

And one more advantage: they lack the main disadvantage of fluorescent lamps: buzzing and flickering, and their eyes are very comfortable with such lighting. They work from the usual 220 W network and are equipped with a standard socle E27 and E14.

Using LEDs in everyday life

Interestingly, even a dozen years ago, even there was no such thing as a LED lamp for a house. How to choose and install them, could tell, perhaps, that the auto mechanic - after all they were used mainly on the dashboard of the car and light indicators. Today, their operation at home has become so familiar that we do not even think about choosing between LED lamps and old-style lamps, so the choice is obvious and not in favor of the latter. The main point: in LED lamps, the current is a constant value, so the heating costs are minimal. Consequently, they do not heat up and, like daylight lamps, can serve many years in a row. Even despite their high cost, they are profitable to use. Consuming less energy, these lamps help reduce the monthly amount of payment for electricity. By the way, choosing such a difference in power should be taken into account. There is one secret. It is necessary to know the power consumed by the general-purpose lighting lamp and divide it by 8. For example, if you change the usual luminaire to 100 W, then 100: 8 = 12.5. So, we need lED lamp  power from 12W.

Another no less important indicator - these lamps have different temperatures of light. On this indicator depends how comfortable lighting will give the LED lighting lamp in the room. Of the existing shades of white light, the most optimal is the shade in the range 2600-3200 K and 3700-4200 K. Such light is soft, most close to natural sunlight and pleasing to the eyes. The indicator 6000 K gives a very cool white tint, and less than 2600 K - oppressive yellow. Such shades are harmful to the eyes, people quickly get tired, headaches may appear and vision deteriorate. Therefore, it is very important to purchase only high-quality LED lamps for the home. How to choose, advise the consultant in the store, as well as provide all the necessary quality certificates.

Whatever one may say, a LED lamp is beneficial in many respects.

It consumes several times less electricity.

During operation it does not heat up, which makes it possible to use it with flammable materials, for example, in cornices, false ceilings. A large number of such lamps do not overheat the air in the room.

Such lamps do not burn out, and in time only lose their brightness, up to about 30%.

Long service life, up to 15 years.

So, having an idea of ​​what happens, knowing their main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, you can safely go to the nearest store. But there is another important point, without which even a simple replacement of the burnt out lamp will be impossible. After all, to pick up a lamp to an illuminating device, you need to know what kind of its socle. With the help of the cap, the lamp is attached to the cartridge, and it is he who feeds electricity  in the light bulb.

Correctly choose the socle

For the manufacture of the socle, metal or ceramics is used. And inside are placed contacts that transmit electric current to the working elements of the device. Each lighting device is equipped with one or more cartridges for attaching lamps. It is important that the socle of the lamp purchased matches the cartridge. Otherwise it will not work.

Despite the variety of types of socles of electric lamps in everyday life, two types are more often used: threaded and pin.

Screw cap is also called screw. The name accurately conveys the way it connects to the lamp holder. It is screwed into the lighting fixtures, for this purpose a thread is carved on its surface. For marking use the letter E. This type is used in many types of lamps in household appliances. Such socles differ in size. So, marking the socle, after the letter E, the manufacturer always indicates the diameter of the threaded connection. In everyday life, plinths of two sizes - E14 and E27 - are most often used. But there are also more powerful lighting lamps, for example, for street lighting. They use the socle E40. The size of the threaded connections remains unchanged for many decades. Even now you can easily replace a burnt out ordinary bulb in an old chandelier for a more economical, LED. The dimensions of the cap and the cartridge are exactly the same. But other parameters have been adopted in America and Canada. Since the voltage in the network is 110V, in order to avoid the use of light bulbs of the European model, the diameter of the socle is different: E12, E17, E26 and E39.

Another type of socle, used in everyday life, is a pin. To the cartridge it is attached with two metal pins. They act as contacts that transmit electricity to the light bulb. Pins differ in diameter and distance between them. For marking use the Latin letter G, followed by the numerical designation of the gap between the pins. These are G9 and G13.

Now you can safely proceed to repair. And let the redevelopment or the construction of new walls can only be done by specialists, but with the choice and replacement of light bulbs you will be able to cope on your own.

Work and emergency lighting  in all rooms, workplaces, open spaces and streets should provide illumination in accordance with established requirements.

Used in the operation of electrical installations, working and emergency lighting lamps should only be factory-made and meet the requirements state standards  and technical conditions.

Emergency lighting fixtures must be different from the lamps of working illumination by signs or color.

Lighting of chimneys and other high buildings must comply with the established rules.

Power supply emergency and working lights must be from independent sources. If the working light is switched off, the emergency switching must be automatic or manually, according to design decisions, based on the suitability for local conditions and in accordance with the requirements of the rules for the installation of electrical installations.

Emergency lighting is not allowed in circuits other than the design ones.

Connection to the emergency lighting network of portable transformers and other kinds of loads not related to this lighting is not allowed.

The emergency lighting network must be made without plug-in sockets.

On the front side of the shields and assemblies of the lighting network there should be inscriptions (marking) indicating the name (shield or assembly), the number corresponding to the dispatching name. On the inside (for example, on the doors) there should be a single-line diagram, inscriptions indicating the current value of the fuse-link on the fuses or the rated current of the circuit-breakers and the name of the electrical receivers respectively receiving power through them. Circuit breakers must

to provide selectivity of switching-off of the consumers receiving from them a food.

The use of lighting networks to connect any portable or mobile electric receivers is not allowed.

To power portable (hand) electric lamps in rooms with increased danger and in extremely hazardous areas, a voltage of not more than 50 V should be applied, and when working under especially unfavorable conditions and in outdoor installations - no higher than 12 V.

The plugs of devices with a voltage of 12-50 V must not be connected to sockets with a higher rated voltage. In rooms where the voltage of two or more ratings is used, at all sockets  there must be inscriptions indicating the nominal voltage.

The use of autotransformers for powering the luminaires of the 12-50 V network is not permitted.

Application for portable lighting fluorescent lamps, not mounted on rigid supports, is not allowed.

The installation in the fixtures of the network of operating and emergency lighting of lamps, the power or chromaticity of radiation of which does not correspond to the design, as well as the removal of lenses, shielding and protective luminaires of luminaires is not allowed.

2.12.8. Power supply networks of indoor, outdoor, as well as security lighting Consumers, structures, residential and public buildings, open spaces and streets, as a rule, should be provided on separate lines.

The management of the outdoor lighting network, in addition to the lighting network of remote objects, as well as the management of the network of security lighting, should, as a rule, be carried out centrally from the premises of the energy management board of the energy user of this Consumer or other special premises.

2.12.9. The lighting network must be powered by sources (stabilizers or individual transformers) that provide the ability to maintain the voltage within the required limits.

The voltage on the lamps should not be higher than the nominal value. The voltage drop at the most distant lamps of the internal working light network, as well as floodlights, should not be more than 5% of the rated voltage; at the most remote lamps of the network of external and emergency lighting and in the network with voltage 12-50 V - no more than 10%.

2.12.10. In the corridors of electrical substations and switchgears having two exits, and in tunnel passages, the lighting must be made with two-way control.

2.12.11. Operational personnel serving the network electric lighting, there must be circuits of this network, a stock of calibrated inserts, corresponding lamps and lamps of all voltages of this lighting network.

Operational and operative repair personnel of the Consumer or the facility, even in the presence of emergency lighting, must be equipped with portable electric lights with autonomous power.

2.12.12. Cleaning of luminaires, inspection and repair of the electric lighting network should be carried out according to the schedule (the PPR plan) by qualified personnel.

The periodicity of cleaning the luminaires and checking the technical condition of the consumer's lighting installations (the presence and integrity of the glasses, grids and grids, the serviceability of the seals of special luminaires, etc.) should be established by the responsible for the electric power of the Consumer, taking into account local conditions. In areas subject to increased pollution, the cleaning of luminaires must be carried out according to a special schedule.

2.12.13. Change of burnt out lamps can be made in a group or individual way, which is set specifically for each consumer, depending on the availability of lamps and power lighting system. In the group mode, the timing of the next cleaning of the reinforcement should be timed to the terms of group replacement of the lamps.

2.12.14. With the height of the suspension of the luminaires up to 5 m they are allowed to be serviced from the ladders and ladders. If the luminaires are located at a higher altitude, they are allowed to be serviced from bridge cranes, fixed bridges and mobile devices while observing safety measures established by the safety rules for the operation of electrical installations and local regulations.

2.12.15. Faulty fluorescent lamps, DRL lamps and other sources containing mercury should be stored in a special room. They must be periodically removed for destruction and decontamination in the designated areas.

2.12.16. Inspection and inspection of the lighting network should be carried out in the following timeframes: checking the serviceability of emergency lighting when the working lights are switched off - 2 times a year;

measurement of illumination inside the premises (including sections, individual jobs, walkways, etc.) - when the network is put into operation in accordance with the norms of illumination, as well as when changing the functional purpose of the room.

2.12.17. Checking the condition of stationary equipment and wiring of emergency and working lighting, testing and measuring insulation resistance of wires, cables and grounding devices should be carried out when the electric lighting network is put into operation, and then on the schedule approved by the responsible for the consumer electric power, but at least once in three years. The results of measurements are formalized by an act (protocol) in accordance with the standards of testing electrical equipment (Appendix 3).

Lighting fixtures (fixtures) are devices that redistribute the light of lamps (bulbs) inside voluminous corners of the corners and provide the light flux with an angular concentration. The main function of lighting devices is light scattering, as well as lighting of interior spaces, buildings, territories that adjoin buildings, streets, trails, etc. In addition to the lighting function of the luminaires, they can perform both the signaling function and the decorative function.

Examples of lighting:
   Floor lamp (floor lamp),
   Lamp is oily,
   Plafond (ceiling lamp),
   Chandelier,
   Kaganets,
   The lamp is kerosene,
   Chandelier,
   Incandescent lamp,
Luminescent lamp,
   Wall lamp (wall lamp).

Classification of modern lamps is carried out by several criteria:

According to the lighting function:
   - Lighting devices,
   - Devices intended for light signaling (traffic lights, light beacons),
   - advertising lighting.

By type of lamp:
   - equipped with an incandescent lamp,
   - a discharge lamp,
   - a lamp of mixed light,
   - with a coal arc electric lamp,
   - with electroluminescent and radioisotope light sources,
   - LED light.

According to the operating conditions:
   - Lighting devices that are designed for open spaces (garden, park, street, etc.),
   - Lighting devices, which are designed for extreme environments,
   - lighting devices that are designed for indoor use.

By the nature of the distribution of light:
   - projectors and projectors,
   - fixtures.

According to the configuration of the photometric body:
   - lighting devices round-symmetrical,
   - lighting fixtures are symmetrical,
   - lighting devices are not symmetrical.

If possible, movement during operation:
   - mobile,
   - portable,
   - Stationary.

In terms of protection from water and dust

By type of lamp supply:
   - equipped with an individual power source,
   - network,
   - equipped with a combined method of supply.

If possible, control of lighting characteristics:
   - unregulated,
   - Adjustable.

If possible, the location of the optical system:
   - not mobile systems,
   - mobile systems.

At the location inside:
   - Wall lamp (obsolete name "sconce"),
   - Ceiling lamp (obsolete name "plafond"),
   - floor lamp (obsolete name "floor lamp"),
   - table lamp,
   - recessed luminaire,
   - Lamp hanging.

By cooling method:
   - equipped with forced cooling,
   - with natural cooling.