Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are situations of emergency care for fever, when the child needs to give the medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and apply antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to give to infants? How can you bring down the temperature in older children? Which medications are the safest?
Luminescent lamps of series LB, LD - low-pressure fluorescent lamps. Are intended for illumination of the closed premises, and also for external installation, work in electrical networks AC voltage of 127 - 220 V, frequency of 50 Hz and are connected to the network together with the corresponding control gear in the starter ignition circuits. Type of socle of fluorescent lamp G13.
All fluorescent lamps are characterized by high light output, low energy consumption and a very long service life.
Lamps fluorescent low pressure are a glass cylindrical tube-flask, inner surface which is coated with a phosphor. On both ends of the foot are soldered legs with cathodes. The main source of optical radiation in fluorescent lampsax is a layer of a luminescent substance (luminophor), excited by ultraviolet radiation of an electrical discharge in mercury vapor. Fluorescent lamps have several times greater light output than incandescent lamps.
Labeling of fluorescent lamps:
L - fluorescent lamp; B - white; D - day color; Y is universal. Execution:
1 - straight rod; 2 - U-shaped rod.
Technical characteristics of lamps of luminescent series LB, LD:
The name of the |
Power- |
Current, A |
The stresses |
Overall |
||
The name of the |
Power- |
Luminous flux, lm |
Service life, hours |
|
Luminescent lamps manufactured in Russia for general lighting
Low-pressure fluorescent lamps are designed for general illumination of enclosed spaces. Lumens LB 18 luminescent operate in a network alternating current voltage 220V, frequency of 50 Hz, are included in the network together with ballasts, which provide ignition of lamps.
Lamps LB20 Saransk are widely used and find their application for indoor lighting in almost all types of premises: offices, lobbies, waiting rooms, production halls. Certified for compliance with the safety requirements of GOST R IEC 61195-99, GOST R IEC 60081-99.
Power consumption: 20 W
Mains voltage: 57 V
Fluorescent lamps LB40 Poltava have high light output, long service life, favorable color radiation, which determines the economic feasibility of their use in solving problems on lighting objects
Power consumption: 40 W
Diameter: 38 mm
Length: 1213.6 mm
Lamps LD40 Poltava are designed for indoor lighting of industrial and administrative premises. The position of lamps during operation is arbitrary.
Power consumption: 40 W
Mains voltage: 103 V
Type: tubular
Diameter (mm): 38
Length (mm): 1213.6
LD80 Poltava for indoor lighting of production and administrative premises.
Sale of fluorescent lamps is carried out from a warehouse in Moscow for cash and non-cash payment.
Power, W: 80
Mains voltage: 99 V
Lamp Type: Tubular
Diameter (mm): 38, length (mm): 1514.2
Fluorescent lamps LD 80 Saransk for indoor lighting industrial and administrative premises, should be operated at an ambient temperature of 10 to 35 ° C.
Power: 80 W
Mains voltage: 99 V
Diameter (mm): 38
Length (mm): 1514.2
LB 20 Poltava lamps are designed for indoor lighting of administrative premises. Manufactured according to TU 3467-004-99981859-2009. Buy these light sources can be wholesale.
Power consumption: 20 W
Mains voltage: 57 V
Type: tubular
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Fluorescent lamps of gas-discharge design are very popular light sources.
What is the device and the principle of operation?
Hermetically sealed tube of glass - working compartment fluorescent lighting fixtures, in which mercury is placed. Due to existence electric field In the gaseous mercury phase, an electric discharge breaks down, ultraviolet glow results. Getting on the inner surface of a tube with a sprayed phosphor, it turns into a recognizable part of the human spectrum.Based on the specifics of the visible spectrum, russian fluorescent lamps are:
- standard;
- approximate to true color rendition;
- special purpose.
Advantages of fluorescent lamps manufactured in Russia:
- maximum light output;
- long service life;
- variations of light shades;
- softness of scattered light;
- a significant reduction in power consumption.
Attention! We sell products only in bulk. We accept orders for the amount of from 10 000 rubles. Delivery in Moscow and up to 10 km from MKAD is free of charge.
If you are interested in the products presented on the site, call and ask questions to our specialists, managers will answer all your questions.
Lamps fluorescent low pressure.
Luminescent lamps of series LB, LD are intended for illumination of enclosed premises, as well as for outdoor installation, operate in AC electric networks with a voltage of 127-220 V, frequency of 50 Hz and are connected to the network together with the corresponding start-up equipment in starter ignition circuits.
Type of socle of fluorescent lamp G13.
Benefits:
All fluorescent lamps are characterized by high light output, low energy consumption and a very long service life.
Design:
Low-pressure fluorescent lamps are a glass cylindrical tube-bulb, the inner surface of which is coated with a phosphor.On both ends of the foot are soldered legs with cathodes.The main source of optical radiation in fluorescent lamps is a layer of a luminescent substance (luminescent substance), which is excited by ultraviolet radiation of an electric discharge in mercury vapor.
Fluorescent lamps have several times greater light output than incandescent lamps.
Labeling of fluorescent lamps:
L - Fluorescent Lamp;
B - white;
D- daylight color;
Have - universal.
Execution:
1
- straight rod;
2
- U-shaped rod.
Specifications:
|
Name |
Power, |
Current, |
Voltage, |
Dimensions, |
Light |
Service life, hours |
Execution |
||
|
D |
L 1 |
L |
|||||||
|
LD-18 |
18 |
0,37 |
57 |
26 |
604 |
589,8 |
880 |
12000 | |
|
LB-18 |
18 |
0,37 |
57 |
26 |
604 |
589,8 |
1060 |
12000 | |
|
LD-20 |
20 |
0,43 |
57 |
38 |
604 |
589,8 |
880 |
12000 | |
|
LB-20 |
20 |
0,43 |
57 |
38 |
604 |
589,8 |
1060 |
12000 | |
|
LD-36 |
36 |
0,43 |
103 |
26 |
1213,6 |
1199,4 |
2300 |
12000 | |
|
LB-36 |
36 |
0,43 |
103 |
26 |
1213,6 |
1199,4 |
2800 |
12000 | |
|
LD-40 |
40 |
0,67 |
103 |
38 |
1213,6 |
1199,4 |
2300 |
12000 | |
|
LB-40 |
40 |
0,67 |
103 |
38 |
1213,6 |
1199,4 |
2800 |
12000 | |
|
LD-65 |
65 |
0,87 |
110 |
38 |
1514,2 |
1500 |
3750 |
12000 | |
|
LB-65 |
65 |
0,87 |
110 |
38 |
1514,2 |
1500 |
4600 |
12000 | |
|
LD-80 |
80 |
0,87 |
99 |
38 |
1514,2 |
1500 |
4250 |
12000 | |
|
LB-80 |
80 |
0,87 |
99 |
38 |
1514,2 |
1500 |
5200 |
12000 | |
Advantages and disadvantages .
Mercury lamps have a high light efficiency (2-3 times greater than general-purpose incandescent lamps), long service life and compactness, making them well suited for regulation light flux.
Their shortcomings are the high cost of lamps and auxiliary equipment, a bluish green glow and a slow restart.
The color of the mercury lamp is corrected by the use of an internal phosphor coating.
Fluorescent lamps.
Fluorescent lamps consist of the following main parts: a glass bottle, two socles (with lead-out contacts) at both ends of the cylinder and two heated cathodes (electronic emitters) made of tungsten filament or a steel tube.
The balloon is filled with mercury vapor and inert gas (argon); The internal walls of the balloon are coated with a phosphor coating that converts the ultraviolet radiation of the gas discharge into visible light.
The design of the lamp is typical for the most common 40-watt lamps.
The lamp operates as follows.
The electrode at one end of the lamp emits electrons that fly at high speed along the lamp until a collision with the encountered mercury atom occurs.
At the same time, they knock out the electrons of the atom into a higher orbit.
When the knocked-out electron returns to its former orbit, the atom emits ultraviolet radiation.
The last, passing through the phosphor, is transformed into visible light.
FLUORESCENT LAMP - a typical design of a lamp with cold cathodes, designed for currents below average.
1
- mercury;
2
- stamped glass leg with electric wires;
3
- a tube for pumping out (during manufacture);
4
- output pins;
5
- the end panel;
6
Cathode with emitter coating.
The tube is filled with an inert gas and mercury vapor.
The inner walls of the tube are coated with a phosphor.
Types of lamps.
Fluorescent lamps are divided into two groups according to the type of electrodes: with heated cathodes and with cold cathodes.
In lamps with heated cathodes, which are calculated for large currents (1-2 A), as a rule, spiral activated tungsten filaments are used.
In tubes with cold cathodes, cylindrical electrodes with a coating of emitter materials are provided, and they are calculated for smaller currents.
The average lifetime of lamps with heating cathodes depends on the operating time for one start: 7500 hours at 3 hours of operating time per one start and more than 18,000 hours in continuous mode.
For lamps with cold cathodes, the service life does not depend on the number of starts and reaches 25,000 h.
Lamps with heating cathodes by the method of their launch are divided into lamps with preheating, quick and instant start.
Like all other gas-discharge devices, heated cathode lamps can not be connected to a power source without a ballast device that limits current.
Lamps with preheating also need a starter; when starting such a lamp, the starter closes, and the cathodes connected in series are connected to the mains, so that current flows through them.
After the cathodes are heated so that they can emit electrons, the starter automatically opens and the lamp lights up.
In favorable conditions, the entire launch takes a few seconds.
In rapid start-up lamps, cathodes are heated constantly, and discharge occurs when the voltage rises.
Starters are not required, and the start-up time is much less than for preheated lamps.
Instantaneous light bulbs do not require heating cathodes or a starter.
Just at the cathode is fed increased stress, which causes the emission of electrons and the ignition of the discharge in the lamp.
Of all the variety of lighting devices, fluorescent lamps by right physical principle work initially acquired the greatest variety. This is due to the fact that the invention was made a long time ago, and patents were not needed when the technology caught up with science. Those who could, began to produce, not caring about the standards. The first reason was the base, in which there was no need. One tube, four contacts, which means that the freedom of choice is limited.
At first, the types of fluorescent lamps were so diverse that it surprises rather the standardization, and not what everyone started to do, who is into that much. Nevertheless, the process became manageable, and the producers managed to agree, since behind each lamp there is a large segment of the surrounding infrastructure: from wiring to fixtures. Therefore, today we have a fairly limited list, in which there are all types of fluorescent lamps, interchangeable, adapted to standard lighting devices. Let's look at what they are.
Basics of the classification of fluorescent lamps
For the application of LL, use markings, which are applied on the bulb and on the metal parts of the lamps. If you understand what is written there, the question of how to choose does not appear, and the electrical wiring in the apartment will not suffer. So, what we will read on the lamp:
- The first letter is L-luminescent. The next letter is the spectrum. B - white, D - daylight and Y - universal. For example, LB
- Diameter of the bulb . This parameter is directly related to luminosity, spectrum and duration of operation. The thicker the lamp, the longer it will last (although the drop in the luminous flux with time is inevitable). The international standard adopted a diameter unit as part of an inch - 1/8. The most common lamps with a bulb diameter of 18, 26 and 38 mm. The dimension of T. For example, T8 is 26 mm. LB T8. Dimensions can be given as numbers, for example 26/604 - then it's diameter and length in millimeters.
- Power . This is a characteristic that will allow us to understand which room we can illuminate with one lamp, or how many incandescent lamps one LL will replace. The designation W. The figure means power, and how it is related to luminosity and efficiency can be read. For example, w12. Total we have LB T8 w8.
- The physical characteristics of the socle and their number (FS one, FD two, FB compact bulb with integrated in the base of the ballast) are denoted by the standard international marking, for example FS G13. We are already beginning to understand what kind of lamp is in question - L8 T8 w8 FS G13.
- The need for a starter or the possibility of inclusion in with ballast, without starting equipment. (There is a misconception that lamps RS «rapid start» , do not require a starter more economical - they just stretch the energy consumed for the start in time). Here we will classify other types of launch - InS - instant start , universal start US. Lamps that need a starter will be marked PHs - pre-heat start . We draw your attention to the fact that according to the standards, this designation can be absent, which means that if the lamp does not indicate a smooth start, then the starter is an obligatory element, since this is the device of a fluorescent lamp. So, the lamp can be such - LB T8 w8 FS G13 RS.
- The next parameter is - mains voltage , which can be 220 or 127 volts, it is indicated exactly like this - 127 V. Or 220 V.
- Another designation - shape of the bulb . The linear form is not indicated, but the horseshoe (arc) is marked U . For example, 4U - four-arc. S -spiral, FROM - a candle, G - spherical, R - a reflex type and T - in the form of a tablet. Pay attention - the same structure is used in marking energy saving lamps. For standard lamps daylight such notation is rare.
These are the main types of fluorescent lamps, the characteristics of which can be recognized by marking the type - LB T8 w8 FS G13 RS 220 V. 2U . The order of the symbols may vary from different manufacturers, but these basic data will be available on any lamp. Perhaps the spectrum will be specified, and the luminosity, then you will find the numbers. The larger the number, the brighter the lamp and the higher luminosity. For example, LDS 2-40 . Or the European designation Color / EW . We draw your attention - this is not a spectral characteristic, it is the color of the glow! It is usually specified by the exterior color of the lamp bulb.
The temperature of light will be indicated in Kelvin (2700 is 27 in the marking). That is, having found out on the lamp the marking "742", we know that this is the color rendering index in 70 Ra and color temperature 4200 K , that is, "cold light". More details about the spectra and luminosity parameters can be found in our article about.
Thus, a complete marking of the type of fluorescent lamps may look like this: LB T8 w8 FS G13 RS 220 V. G Color / (color code) 742 .
In this marking there are coincidences of Latin notation, therefore the first G (5), cap type is not confused with the second G-form of the bulb! In the same way we share other coincidences - at the location of the symbol in the marking, which refers to the supply of fluorescent lamps and luminosity characteristics.
Manufacturers do not have a common labeling standard, the example considered allows you to understand all the characteristics, as a rule, any given parameter is located exactly in this place, if the designation is different, there will be a blank, for example FS-8-G13-26 / 604-742 .
Other types of fluorescent lamps
The physical principle of operation, the supply of fluorescent lamps, as well as the service life and the limitations imposed by the operation features are the same for the entire class of these lamps. Nevertheless, in recent years, many products have appeared, using the same principles, but externally adapted for any lighting devices. Consider these subspecies and features of marking, which will allow you to correctly install or connect such a lamp, and most importantly: do it yourself, do not put the lamp out of action.
Unlike the progenitors, energy saving lamps were initially standardized in marking, which makes it easier to choose the right one. There is only one problem, these types of fluorescent lamps are not equipped in marking with overall dimensions. That is, the diameter and length are not specified. In most cases, manufacturers put such data on a package or a lamp, but this is not an obligatory parameter, so if you do not see the product "live", you should find the dimensions on the manufacturer's website.
Let's move on to an example. The bulb specifies types of fluorescent lamps of compact type and is the basis of the marking:
- U - The stem type, the number indicates the number of arcs, for example 2U, 3U and 5U;
- M - Verifying letter - small. For example, 3UM - three arcs, a small bulb;
- S - Flask lamp bulb type. Here at once the specification is three subspecies. SM spiral, small-sized. SPM - spiral, small-sized with the body "Shirt" (sets the color scale);
- P - Designation of the body "Shirt", can be used for other types of fluorescent lamps;
- C - Also lamp protection, but in the form of "Candle";
- W - Bulb in the form of a ball (standard for lamas with a reflector);
- R - Shows the presence of a reflector that specifies a directional beam of light. Reflector is used with different types of lamps.
Example of standard marking
Now let's look at the standard marking on the example of the lamp we got in our hands - SPM-15-27-3000-75. This is a spiral small-sized lamp with a shell shirt. Power - 15 watts. The type of socle E27 is a standard household cartridge. Color temperature 3000 - Kelvin (light warm, white). The power supply voltage is 75 Volts. An important parameter is voltage in volts! Power fluorescent lamps has a range of operating voltages from 12 to 220 volts. Look attentively at this figure! What we did not find in this marking: the maximum length is 130 mm. That is, the lamp can be shorter, but not longer! What is the length of this lamp we do not know, like the diameter, which is also limited to a maximum of 54 mm. The diameter can be smaller, but not larger. Color quality is not specified (ratio Ra), the ideal is 100, the value is lower, the worse the color rendering (NOT luminosity - it is the color reproduction!).
By the same principle, all fluorescent lamps are marked regardless of the device, so pay attention to an important note.
Despite the ongoing process of marking standardization, it is still far from establishing the full order, therefore we do not give numerous tables and differences of markings of types of fluorescent lamps of different manufacturers. In the amount of this information it is very easy to get confused, therefore the main parameters are given. Selecting those lamps that you need to install, specify additional characteristics on the sites of manufacturers.
Exotic lamps and markings
If to recollect, one of the first applications of "neon tubes" became luminous advertising in the form of words. From here by the way, and the variety of types of fluorescent lamps - it was enough to blow out the flask of the desired configuration and it regularly shone. Today, the opportunity to make a shape of a bulb, has shifted to the sphere of design and expensive interior solutions, therefore such products are not labeled in a standard way, but are supplied with a product passport, which describes the properties and characteristics of the product.
But in an amicable way, when buying a device like a "fluorescent lamp", it is worth paying attention to the passport, in which the parameters not mentioned in the characteristics will be indicated. For example, the permissible limits of voltage drop that lead to a lamp failure (for the same reason, it is impossible to smoothly adjust switches with dimmers). Or the temperature ranges to which LL is much more sensitive than others. Do not forget that energy savings, a more correct spectrum and less eye fatigue when using such lamps have a reverse side. These are special measures for disposal and prevention of physical destruction of the bulb, constant monitoring of lamp burning (otherwise it will start to blink, which is extremely harmful to the eyes), less switch on and off and other measures that do not require an incandescent lamp.
Why about this in the section of exotic lamps? Because the types of fluorescent lamps are very different, and such products are very expensive, and unlike household lamps are equipped with protective mechanisms, up to transformers. But the exotic, it is for that and exotic, and the purpose of this article is to help you figure out a huge sea of luminescence options, which, with small disadvantages, still has many advantages.
In conclusion, a few words about what the marking tells us
Yes, LL have their drawbacks, but even from the marking it is clear that they are really more economical than incandescent lamps, it is more useful for seeing than even some LEDs, it is safer from the point of view fire safety and loads on the mains. Such is the device of fluorescent lamps, the use of fluorescent lamps for aquariums, wooden structures, attic floors of private houses and other premises, which are demanded from the point of view of safety and health, are said to be applicable to their sphere of application.
These marks also apply to the marking, which says a lot about this product, if you learn how to correctly read what exactly is written on the lamp. We hope that our article will help you to understand this issue.
Luminescent lamps are firmly entrenched as the main source of office lighting. Today we will consider at the expense of what lamps on 18, 36 and 54 W have become so popular in the modern world. Recall that in everyday life this type of lamp is becoming more and more popular, it can be seen from the example energy saving lamps Navigator.
Fluorescent lamps of general purpose They are glass tubes, on the ends of which there are special socles G13. The tube itself is filled with a gas - a phosphor. It even shines under the influence of ultraviolet radiation of the discharge. Accordingly, the larger the tube size, the greater the lamp power.
It starts with the fact that the power of a lamp of Russian European production was somewhat different in power, for example a lamp manufactured in the Russian Federation had a power of 20 W, while a Philips or Osram lamp of the same type of size had a power of 18 watts. And with the rest of the power 40 and 36 watts, 58 and 80 watts.
It is worthwhile to understand that the power of such lamps, though lower than incandescent lamps, but they shine brightly enough due to high efficiency. Fluorescent Lamp in 20W gives the illuminance as an incandescent lamp of 100W. This is one of the reasons for the dominance of this type of lamp, their economy. To economy, one can attribute their long service life which can be from 2000 to 20 000 hours in contrast to 1000 hours conventional lamp incandescent.
Luminescent light source can have different shades of luminescence that change perception. From yellow, which is often called "warm" to blue, which is called "cold" light. The color transmission of lamps is measured in kelvins, fluorescent lamps vary from 1800 to 16000 K. Color marking lamps of Russian and foreign production is again different, which, as practice shows, confuses end consumers. The marking of domestic fluorescent lamps is:
- LB (white light)
- LD (daylight)
- LE (natural light)
- LHB (cold white light)
- LTB (warm white light)
The most popular ones you can find in any store are lamps LB and LD. The same with the European marking the most common is 765 (cold) and 640 (warm) light (Marking firm Osram). Philips TLD is labeled 54 (cold) and 33 (warm).
A special feature of using a lamp is the mandatory presence of a throttle or ballast. There are two types of electromagnetic (EMPA) and electronic (ballast) ballast. We will talk about the chokes separately in the following articles.
- High efficiency
- Different spectra of luminescence
- Presence of color lamps
- The presence of special lamps (bactericidal, ultraviolet)
- Long service life
- Use of chemically-hazardous substances (disposal costs)
- Mandatory availability of a throttle for starting a lamp
- Possible flicker when using the EMPRA (when using electronic ballast flicker no longer exist)
Anyone looking at the pros and cons will immediately be able to answer our question "Why luminescent lamps are fixed as the main source of light production, office and retail space," cost-effectiveness! One of the main factors when choosing products in the modern world.
Technical characteristics of the most popular fluorescent lamps in Russia Osram Smolensk:
|
18 640/765 Osram |
36 640/765 Osram |
58 640/765 Osram |
|
|
Power, W |
|||
|
Voltage, V |
|||
|
Luminous flux, Lm |
|||
|
Length, mm |
