What is a physical body, substance, material. What physical bodies are made of, that is, the objects around us, is called matter. Physical body and matter. Weight. Units of mass - Knowledge Hypermarket What is matter in physics definition 7

When studying various areas of science as part of a school or university course, it is easy to notice that they very often operate with the concept of matter.


But what is matter in physics and chemistry, what is the difference between the definitions of these two sciences? Let's try to take a closer look.

What is matter in physics?

Classical physics teaches that the material from which the Universe consists is in one of two basic states - in the form of matter and in the form of a field. In physics, matter is called matter consisting of elementary particles (mostly neutrons, protons and electrons), forming atoms and molecules that have a rest mass different from zero.

Matter is represented by various physical bodies that have a number of parameters that can be objectively measured. At any time, you can measure the specific gravity and density of the substance under study, its elasticity and hardness, electrical conductivity and magnetic properties, transparency, heat capacity, etc.

Depending on the type of substance and external conditions, these parameters can vary within fairly wide limits. At the same time, each type of substance is characterized by a certain set of constant characteristics that reflect its quality indicators.

Aggregate states of substances

All substances existing in the Universe can exist in one of the states of aggregation:

- in the form of gas;

- in the form of a liquid;

- in a solid state;

- in the form of plasma.

At the same time, many substances are characterized by transitional or borderline states. The most common of them are:

- amorphous, or glassy;

- liquid crystal;

- highly elastic.


In addition, some substances under special external conditions can transform into states of superfluidity and superconductivity.

What is a substance in chemistry?

Chemical science studies substances consisting of atoms, as well as the laws by which transformations of substances occur, called chemical reactions. Substances can be in the form of atoms, molecules, ions, radicals, as well as their mixtures.

Chemistry divides substances into simple ones, i.e. those that consist of atoms of one type, and complex ones, consisting of different types of atoms. Simple substances are called chemical elements: all substances in the world are made of them, like bricks.

During a chemical reaction, substances interact with each other, exchanging atoms and atomic groups, resulting in the formation of new substances. At the same time, chemistry does not consider processes in which changes occur in the atomic structure: the number and types of atoms participating in the reaction always remain unchanged.

All simple substances are summarized in the so-called periodic table of elements, which was created by the Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleev. In this table, simple substances are arranged in increasing order of their atomic masses and grouped by properties, which greatly simplifies their further study.

Organic and inorganic substances

In modern chemistry, it is customary to divide all substances into two main groups: inorganic and organic. Inorganic substances include:

— oxides– compounds of chemical elements with oxygen;

— acids– compounds consisting of hydrogen atoms and a so-called acid residue;

— salt– substances consisting of metal atoms and an acid residue;

— bases or alkalis– compounds consisting of a metal and a hydroxyl group or several groups;

— amphoteric hydroxides- substances that have the properties of bases and acids.

There are also more complex compounds of inorganic elements. In total, there are up to half a million varieties of inorganic substances.


Organic substances are compounds of carbon with hydrogen and other chemical elements. For the most part, they are complex molecules consisting of a large number of atoms. There are many varieties of organic substances, depending on their composition and molecular structure. In total, science currently knows more than 20 million varieties of organic substances.

1. Distinguish between the physical body and matter

In section I we have already encountered such physical concepts as “physical body” and “matter”. Let us remember that any objects around us are called physical bodies, and the material from which they consist is called substance. The physical body can consist of one or more substances (Fig. 2.1). For example, tablespoons and forks are physical bodies made in most cases of steel. Cutlery can also be made from porcelain or silver. A knife, as a rule, is made not from one substance, but from two: the blade is made of steel, the handle is made of wood. But to produce such a physical body as a mobile phone, dozens of different substances are used.

2. Getting to know artificially created substances

In ancient times, people looked for suitable substances in nature to make the necessary items (Fig. 2.2): for an arrowhead - a hard pebble, for warm clothes - elastic fur skins, etc.

Artificially created substances appeared later. Today, the vast majority of substances we deal with every day are of artificial origin. All of them were created by man for a specific purpose - to manufacture a physical body for one purpose or another. As an example of artificially created substances, plastics should first be mentioned. Each type of plastic is created to provide the best properties of a particular physical body.

Rice. 2.1. Physical bodies made from one substance (spoon, fork) and from different ones (knife, mobile phone)

Rice. 2.2. Ancient man made tools of labor and hunting from substances that he found in the surrounding nature

Thus, plastic for such a physical body as a car bumper must first of all be durable. Plastic intended for containers in which food is stored in the refrigerator should not emit toxic substances. Plastic used for the manufacture of glasses and lenses must be transparent (Fig. 2.3). You can probably name many other examples yourself.

3. Getting to know your body weight

All physical bodies around us - be it a stone ax or a device for the manufacture of which high technology was used - have some common properties. One of these properties is the ability of bodies to be attracted to other bodies due to gravitational interaction. The measure of this property of bodies is a physical quantity called the mass of bodies. Physicists say that the mass of bodies is a measure of gravity. Mass is represented by the symbol m.

The concept of mass is one of the most complex in physics. As you study this science, you will become more and more familiar with this physical quantity. For now, we must remember that every physical body - the Sun, a person, a drop of dew, a microparticle of any substance - has mass.

Rice. 2.3. To make glasses, people use various types of plastics (artificially created substances)

Rice. 2.4. Dimensions of the international standard kilogram

Rice. 2.5. International standard kilogram

4. Let’s remember the unit of mass and one of the ways to measure it

Since mass is a physical quantity, it can be measured. To measure the mass of a body, it must be compared with a body whose mass is taken as one.

The unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI) is the kilogram (I kg). It is one of the basic SI units, so there is a standard for it. The modern standard kilogram is a cylinder made of an alloy of platinum and iridium (Fig. 2.4). The international standard kilogram (Fig. 2.5) is maintained in France, near Paris. Exact copies were made from this standard, which are available in many countries, in particular in Ukraine.

In addition to the kilogram, it is allowed to use, if necessary, other units of mass, for example, ton (t), gram (g), milligram (mg).

One of the masses of bodies is weighing (Fig. 2.6), which is what is used in everyday life. You will become familiar with this method of determining mass in detail during laboratory work.

Rice. 2.6. One of the ways to determine the mass of bodies is by weighing with a physical quantity.

Rice. 2.1 Scale of mass distribution in the Universe (o); masses of some objects in the surrounding world (b)

However, modern physics also has the most modern measurement methods, which make it possible to determine with great accuracy both the masses of microparticles of matter and the masses of giant objects (Fig. 2.7).

• Let's summarize the results

Any objects around us are called physical bodies, and the material from which they consist is called substance. The physical body may consist of one or more substances.

All artificially created substances are developed by man for a specific purpose - for the manufacture of a physical body for one purpose or another.

Body mass (m) is a physical quantity that characterizes the ability of bodies to be attracted to other bodies due to gravitational interaction.

The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (I kg).

Body weight can be determined using scales.

• Control questions

1. Give examples of different physical bodies. What substances are they made from?

2. Give examples of artificially created substances. What is the purpose of these substances?

3. What property of bodies is characterized by body mass?

4. In what units is body weight measured?

5. What is accepted as the standard of mass in the SI? 6. How can you measure body weight?

• Exercises

1. Express the following body masses in kilograms: 5.3 tons; 0.25 t; 4700 g; 150 g.
2. Express the following body masses in grams and kilograms: 5 kg 230 g; 270 g 840 mg; 56 g 910 mg; 764 g 20 mg.
3. On the left pan of the balanced scales there is a body whose mass needs to be measured, and on the right there are the following weights: one 100 g, two 20 g, one 5 g and one 200, 20 and 10 mg each. Determine the mass of the body being weighed and express it in grams and kilograms.
4. The mass of a glass of juice is 340 g 270 mg. Calculate the mass of juice poured into a glass if it is known that the mass of the glass is 150 g 530 mg.

• Experimental tasks

1. Construct a scale using a student ruler, two plastic cups, and string. For weights, take checkered paper and various coins (their mass is indicated in the table). Using the scales you made, determine the mass of several small bodies.

2. Having a scale, a set of weights, a pipette, a glass of water and an empty glass, determine the average mass of one drop of water.

Physics and technology in Ukraine

Superhard materials named after. V. N. Bakul of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is one of the famous scientific centers in the world, whose activities are aimed at creating new materials under extremely high technological parameters - ultra-high pressures and temperatures. Here, the physicochemical processes of the synthesis of carbon materials, superhard boron nitrides and oxides, and other compounds of multicomponent systems are studied. The institute's scientific research is used in various areas of the Ukrainian economy, such as mechanical engineering, the construction industry, mining and processing of natural stone, geological exploration drilling, electronics, optics, medicine, etc.

Since 1995, the institute has been the leading organization of the Scientific and Technological Diamond Concern ALCON, whose products are exported to different countries of the world.

Physics. 7th grade: Textbook / F. Ya. Bozhinova, N. M. Kiryukhin, E. A. Kiryukhina. - X.: Publishing house "Ranok", 2007. - 192 p.: ill.

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• Substance- a form of matter of a certain composition, consisting of molecules, atoms, ions.
• Molecule- the smallest particle of a specific substance that retains its chemical properties.
• Atom- the smallest particle that cannot be chemically separated.
• And he- an electrically charged atom (group of atoms).

The world around us consists of many different objects (physical bodies): tables, chairs, houses, cars, trees, people... In turn, all these physical bodies consist of simpler compounds called substances: glass, water, metal, clay, plastic, etc.

Various physical bodies can be made from the same substance, for example, various jewelry (rings, earrings, rings), dishes, electrodes, coins are made from gold.

Modern science knows more than 10 million different substances. Since, on the one hand, several physical bodies can be made from one substance, and on the other hand, complex physical bodies consist of several substances, the number of different physical bodies is generally difficult to count.

Any substance can be characterized by certain properties inherent only to it, which make it possible to distinguish one substance from another - this is smell, color, state of aggregation, density, thermal conductivity, fragility, hardness, solubility, melting and boiling points, etc.

Different physical bodies, consisting of the same substances, under the same environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, etc.) have the same physical and chemical properties.

Substances change their properties depending on external conditions. The simplest example is the well-known water, which at negative temperatures Celsius takes the form of a solid (ice), in the temperature range from 0 to 100 degrees it is a liquid, and above 100 degrees at normal atmospheric pressure it turns into steam (gas), at In each of these states of aggregation, water has a different density.

One of the most interesting and surprising properties of substances is their ability, under certain conditions, to interact with other substances, as a result of which new substances can appear. Such interactions are called chemical reactions.

Also, substances, when external conditions change, can undergo changes that are divided into two groups - physical and chemical.

At physical changes the substance remains the same, only its physical characteristics change: shape, state of aggregation, density, etc. For example, when ice melts, water is formed, and when boiled, water turns into steam, but all transformations relate to one substance - water.

At chemical changes a substance can interact with other substances, for example, when wood is heated, it begins to interact with the oxygen contained in the atmospheric air, resulting in the formation of water and carbon dioxide.

Chemical reactions are accompanied by external changes: a change in color, the appearance of an odor, the formation of a precipitate, the release of light, gas, heat, etc., while the starting substances that enter into chemical reactions can be transformed into other compounds and substances that have their own unique properties different from properties of the starting substances.

Initial chemical concepts.

Substance.

You have already studied physics and are accustomed to the concept of a “physical body”. A physical body is any object that has volume, mass, density, temperature, hardness, viscosity, electrical conductivity and many other similar properties, called physical.

But this is not the subject which was ever assigned to this effort by Aristotle. The methodological reasons can be found in Chapter 17 of The Seven Metaphysics: the subject of science must always be complex. This is why the subject of this discipline is being. Why should we say that, in seeking to know more about individual substances, we must consider as a subject everything that is? The short answer is that in order to be theology, metaphysics must first be ontology. The separate substance, the divine being, is not immediately accessible to our inspection or study.

Let's say this object is a piece of lead. In a physics experiment, you can, for example, throw a lead object from different heights to determine the acceleration of gravity. In another experiment, you can measure the volume of this piece and determine the density of lead. You can heat lead to melt it and determine its melting point. The electrical conductivity of lead can be measured. Or you can immerse it in water and measure the buoyant force. In all these experiments, different physical properties of the object will appear. But if in the first experiment with throwing an object it is not so important what it is made of - lead, rubber or iron, then in all other experiments the researcher will receive completely different results for the lead, rubber and iron physical body.

One obvious reason for this is that such an entity is not an example of what falls within the scope of science. Knowing this occurs indirectly and indirectly. The same limitation applies when the philosopher turns his culminating attention to the deity. How can he find out more about the first reason? It is by describing the effect as broadly as possible that he strives to arrive at a knowledge of the first cause, unlimited by the characteristics of mobile things. This characteristic seems to exist.

Philosophical and Biblical Theology

The subject of metaphysics is in all its amplitude in order to obtain knowledge of the cause of being, which will be correspondingly unlimited. Previously we pointed out the difference between philosophy and theology in the writings of St. This distinction takes theology to mean discourse that originates from the revealed truths of the Bible. But there is also theology, which constitutes the defining telos of philosophical inquiry. In the following passage, Thomas contrasts the two theologies in a way that sheds light on what was said in the previous paragraph.

This means that in many cases it is important what substance this or that object is made of.

What physical bodies are made of, that is, the objects around us, is called matter.

If we take not lead, but the soft silvery metal sodium, then with such a physical body it is better not to conduct experiments to measure the buoyancy force in water. Before the eyes of a researcher who decides to do such an experiment, a piece of sodium immersed in water will float up and begin to bubble vigorously, running along the surface of the water like a molten drop. Then red flashes of fire will appear around what is left of the sodium and finally, if the piece of sodium was large enough, there will be a deafening explosion. Even if there is no explosion, after the end of the experiment our researcher will find that the sodium has disappeared! He turned into some other substance!

Philosophical theology is not some kind of science distinct from metaphysics; it is simply a name that can be given to metaphysics because it refers to God as the cause of its subject. This can make it seem like knowing God is just a bonus, a tangential consideration; on the contrary, it is the main goal of science. But the divine can only be known indirectly, through its consequences. For this reason, metaphysics can be regarded as an extended effort to investigate matter in order to arrive at knowledge of the first cause.

And given the principle that we name things as we know them, this may be regarded as a long attempt to develop the language with which we speak of God. Thomas says that the truth of a proposition about the existence of God is known in itself, because the predicate is included in the essence of the subject. But this is not knowable to us, because the essence of God is not knowable to us. I don't know what is being said to deny any of this, particularly to deny that it is knowable to us?

But if you measure the melting point or electrical conductivity of an object made from the same sodium, then these experiments will most likely end successfully, although the results will differ from experiments with physical bodies made of some other substance.

You can look at the interaction of sodium with water. If an explosion occurs, it is not the sodium itself that explodes, but the hydrogen gas that is released during the chemical reaction. It’s not for nothing that its mixture with oxygen is called “explosive gas.” Another reaction product is the alkali NaOH. Its presence in the solution can be detected using an indicator. In the experiment that you will see here, the piece of sodium is small enough and, fortunately, an explosion of detonating gas does not occur.

How can Thomas simultaneously claim what the essence of God is and deny that we know it? According to Aristotle, one way of predicting, the first, is that in which the predicate of a sentence is included in the definition of the subject. We have already seen the second, where the subject is included in the definition of the predicate, a mode corresponding to the powers of the subject. So, in the first mode, if one were to immediately understand the essential definition of a thing, one could immediately understand that a particular proposition is essentially true simply by knowing that its predicate is included in that essential definition.

What are they made of? physical bodies of our Universe- a question that many, if not all, thinking people think about. What's there, physical bodies, from which everything in the Universe consists!

At one of his lectures, Eduard Gulyaev said a phrase that perfectly characterizes the origin of the world of matter.

« Matter is energy that has taken shape according to information generated by consciousness."

Any sentence in which the predicate is included in the basic definition of the subject is itself knowable. For example, Thomas thinks that anyone who knows a language will know that the truth of a proposition as a whole consists of the sum of its parts. Because the terms are related in this way and are so fundamental to the language, no special knowledge is required to understand its truth.

Thus, such a sentence is known by itself, but also by us. It will not be immediately “known to us”, but requires training. It is clear that we use the term "mind" meaningfully in any number of sentences. But perhaps, as Colin McGinn has argued, the real nature of the mind is incomprehensible to limited minds such as ours. In this case, it may be knowable in itself and yet incomprehensible to us. Thus, the difference between what is known in itself and what we know is not incoherent.

Whatever we think about it, all matter is essentially energy. Only its frequencies are such that they allow us to perceive matter with our five senses - see, hear, touch, smell, taste.

Remember your school physics course? We taught that any body consists of molecules, molecules - of atoms. Atoms are made up of particles with different charges - electrons, protons and neutrons. Electrons are negatively charged particles, protons are positively charged particles and neutrons have a neutral charge. What are particles? This is energy. Even based on such primitive knowledge, one can understand that everything in the universe is energy. And matter too.

Without considering that the essence of God is not knowable to us, Thomas speaks of its accessibility to philosophical research. The human mind itself is proportional to knowing material things. He can only know immaterial things, since cause-and-effect arguments can be made to assert the existence of such things as are necessary to explain material things - causes that are only appealed to when one has ruled out the possibility of a material explanation, but we have already seen that to claim that something is immaterial is not to know any of its properties, much less its essence.

But energy itself is just like some kind of material. What guides the process of this material acquiring one form or another? Why is a table a table and a bee a bee? That is, energy alone is not enough. We need something else.

What does physics say about this? The experience of Jeffrey Ingram Taylor.

Official physics, of course, says almost nothing about this. After all, the process of materialization begins at a level to which official science has hardly yet reached. But, fortunately, there are a number of scientists who are not constrained by boundaries and are ready to look beyond school textbooks.

However, Thomas remains accessible, arguing that although knowledge of the essence of God is unknowable to philosophy, it is known to us by Revelation. And Christians believe that God further reveals Himself in the Incarnation of Christ and the Gospel narratives as a Trinity of Persons in a Unity of Substance. Here, knowing the essence of God as Trinitarian, we have another example, such as the Resurrection, of what can only be known by faith in the Revelation of God. It is not something that can be known by both Revelation and Philosophy.

The essence of God is knowable in itself and also by scientists. But scientists are not philosophers. Rather, they are all those who know it by faith in the revelation of God. So, can the existence of God be demonstrated philosophically? If the Essence of God is His existence, and His essence remains fundamentally philosophically unknowable to us, how can it be demonstrated? In fact, Aquinas argues that it is possible to show that there is a god, and that there is only one god. That the essence of God is still fundamentally philosophically unknowable to us is the basis for Aquinas's "denial that the existence of God can be demonstrated a priori."

Greg Braden, in his bestseller The Divine Matrix, cites the experience of Jeffrey Ingram Taylor and writes about it this way:

“Undoubtedly, the question of the role of man in the universe is closely related to the question of the structure of the quantum microcosm as we imagine it. And here we cannot fail to mention a series of experiments, the first of which was carried out in 1909 by the English physicist Geoffrey Ingram Tayler. Although this experiment is more than a hundred years old, it still remains the subject of scientific debate. Since then, it has been repeated many times, and each time with the same result, leaving scientists perplexed. The essence of Theiler's experiment, called the “double slit,” was as follows. A quantum particle, a photon, was passed through a barrier through one or two small holes. With one hole open, the photon behaved quite predictably - in other words, it ended its journey in the same way as it began, and precisely in the form of a particle. But what will happen if there are two holes in the barrier standing in his way? Common sense dictates that he will fly through one of them. Nothing like this! In this case, something unthinkable happens to the photon. It passes through both holes at once, which only an energy wave can do.

And any dependence on the knowledge of an essence that is only known to us by faith ceases to be properly philosophical. However, we have seen that Aquinas relies on a distinction between the nominal definitions of terms and the substantive definitions of the things referred to by those terms. To demonstrate the existence of God, one can use nominal definitions that refer to God as the cause of various phenomena, this is an a posteriori statement. Appeal to these nominal definitions forms the basis for Aquinas's Five Ways, all of which end with some statement about how the term god.

This is one example of particle behavior that scientists call “quantum uncertainty.” The only reasonable explanation for this phenomenon is that the second hole somehow causes the photon to become a wave. But to do this, he must somehow determine that there is a second hole. The photon itself cannot “know” something in the literal sense of the word. The only source of knowledge in this situation is the observer-experimenter. The conclusion suggests itself: the consciousness of the observer determined the wave behavior of the electron.

Again, some argue that Aquinas is not really interested in proving the existence of God in these five ways. After all, he already knows the existence of God by faith, and he is writing a theological work for beginners. prove the existence of something he already knows exists? The paths are very sketchy and do not even necessarily involve one being, much less God or the Christian God. Furthermore, Aquinas argues that the essence of God is his existence and that we cannot know His essence, therefore we cannot know His existence.

The result of Theiler's experiment can be summarized as follows. In some situations, the actions of a particle are predictable and obey the laws of the visible world, where things appear to be separate from each other. In other situations, the particle, to the amazement of scientists, begins to behave like a wave. Here the principles of quantum theory come into play and we have the opportunity to see the world in a new light, to feel that we are part of the universe, in which our consciousness plays a key role.”

Aquinas must really intend the Five Ways to be less evidence, more like incomplete propaedeutic considerations for adequate thinking about God in Sacred Theology. In fact, Aquinas does not believe that philosophy can actually demonstrate the existence of God.

But, as elsewhere, these statements are ambiguous and suffer at the hands of Thomas's own writing. There is no reason to think that Thomas believes evidence is necessary for the rationality of religious belief. Moreover, the objection ultimately denies what Aquinas writes immediately before the Five Ways—that the existence of God is “evident.” And his introduction of the Five Ways begins with the fact that the existence of God can be “proven” in the Five Ways. He cites Aristotle's distinction between demonstrating the existence of some subject and going on to demonstrate the properties of that subject by appealing to the essence of the subject as the cause of those properties.

Consciousness. It is consciousness that tells the universal material what form it should take. But we'll move on and see what other smart people have to say about this.

What modern spiritual (and not only) literature says about this

"Undoubtedly. It is known that any material object consists of a set of chemical elements. If we talk about a person, then his body contains the entire periodic table and many more undiscovered chemical elements. But here's what's remarkable. If we delve deeper into the human microcosm, we will find that the number of chemical elements will decrease, and their interaction with each other will become more complex.

To have any science at all, the object must exist. If you want to learn unicorns, you must show me that there is at least one unicorn to learn. There is no science about what does not exist. So, there are two demonstrative stages in any science, demonstration of the existence of a subject and demonstration of the properties of an object in its essence. Aquinas's denial that the essence of God can be known philosophically is the denial that man can have a scientific understanding of God through philosophy. Note, however, the back and forth between the use of "God" as a proper name and the use of "god" as a general noun.

For example, going deeper into the size of a molecule, you can see that the number of chemical elements is reduced to just a few. With further immersion into the microworld of the atom, chemistry disappears and quantum physics remains at the level of elementary particles.

Elementary particles here exhibit the properties of a boundary state: one and the same particle, under certain conditions, can be matter (a particle), or it can also be energy (a wave).

One source of ambiguity in the objection arises because it is argued that Aquinas does not believe that the existence of God can be demonstrated. You can point to Socrates and say, “See, Socrates is alive.” You can't do that to God. Moreover, one cannot formally argue for the existence of Socrates using “Socrates.” Can only be demonstrated in the relevant sense by means of common nouns, since such nouns are the only ones that have definitions, both nominal and substantive.

In addition, many hidden amazing properties are revealed: the interaction of particles regardless of distanceenergy and energy transfer, and much more.

But quantum physics, one might say, is also limited. It stands on the threshold of two worlds, where matter (particle) turns into energy (wave). With further deepening, quantum physics disappears and a completely new world, still unknown to humanity, begins - the multidimensional world of energies. And then - the world of information, which forms matter, form, life itself.

So, strictly speaking, it is true that Thomas does not think it is possible to demonstrate the existence of God in five ways. He recognizes the difference between "God" being used as a proper noun and "god" being used as a general noun. pronounced in Latin, which does not have the indefinite clause a, where in English we can disambiguate between "God" and "God". Thus, each way concludes that there is a “god.”

Thus, it is also true that the Five Ways do not prove that there is only one god. It is for this reason that Thomas himself thinks that one must actually argue that God must be completely unique, and therefore there can only be one, which he makes several questions after the Five Paths. This is the complete uniqueness and specialness of the god, which undermines the objection that, regardless of philosophical arguments, this is not the god of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, a god who is known only by faith. This is simply a denial of Thomas, who argue that believers of God, Christians and Muslims can be known, but only partially by philosophical analysis.

There is a well-known so-called paradox, I would say, “the paradox of man.” Let's take, for example, a middle-aged person, weighing 70 kg, height 1 m 70 cm. So, if you put together all the elementary particles that make up this person, they will not fill even a small thimble, and their weight will not exceed 1 gram . And if we again arrange these elementary particles in their places in accordance with the information structure of this person at a given moment in time, at a given point in space, we will again get a large and heavy middle-aged person weighing 70 kg and height 1 m 70 cm.”

Anastasia Novykh “Allat Ra”

According to modern physics, the basic substance of the universe is at the subatomic level, where matter and energy become interchangeable. This basic unit of matter and energy is called a quantum, an invisible signal or fluctuation that precedes both energy pulses and subatomic particles. It is in this subtle level that the greatest energy potential lies.

Kenneth Meadows "Rune Magic"

So, quantum physics says that there is a certain subatomic level at which energy can exist in the form of a wave, or maybe in the form of a particle. In what form exactly does it exist? determines the information that controls this energy.

And here is the main secret. Without information, energy is a wave, like a kind of field, material for crafts. And only consciousness, thought, gives an indication of the acceptance of a new state, the state of a particle. Particles that already have the necessary qualities. This particle will subsequently become part of an atom, a molecule, and, ultimately, an object itself.

“Thought is the highest creator. Whatever you think and then allow yourself to feel becomes the reality of your life. Every thought you think that goes beyond the spectrum of limited thinking will manifest itself to expand your life.”

Ramtha "White Book"

Of course, this is not the limit of the search. Now many scientists of different directions are striving to find the level at which science, religion, and esotericism will become not antagonists, but complementary components of one Great Knowledge. On this topic you can read the works of the Tikhoplav spouses. Just look at their book “The Physics of Belief”. Unfortunately, the human mind is inert. For most of us now living on the planet, it is easier to brush aside such searches, examples, successful and unsuccessful experiences. Human consciousness is mostly controlled by the Ego, which fears, envies, doubts, conquers territories, etc. What if you open your heart a little and try to be less skeptical? Try to let new knowledge into your world? Of course, you will have to reconsider a lot, change old unworking habits. But this is an update! And constant renewal and expansion are those properties of energy that reflect our LIFE!

In the next article I want to briefly outline a theory that is designed and capable of changing a lot in the understanding of our World. I liked this knowledge, as did many, many other seekers.

in its meaning it is close to the concept of matter, but not completely equivalent to it. While the word “matter” is predominantly associated with ideas about rough, inert, dead reality, in which exclusively mechanical laws dominate, substance is “material”, which, thanks to the receipt of form, evokes thoughts of design, vitality, and ennoblement. See Gestalt weaving.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Substance

by type of matter. A set of discrete formations that have a rest mass.

The description “species” is morphological and correct, but it cannot satisfy us, since this is a purely classification division, to which in reality, to a first approximation, nothing corresponds.

There is a hypothesis that matter in its “pure form” is vacuum (the first object). Then: substance is one of the objects (fifth object) of the material world; matter in the form of a standing wave forms an elementary particle (electron, positron, proton, neutron, etc.) - the fourth object, in the form of a traveling wave - a photon (third object), and their combination - an atom - matter. The second object is the field (vacuum tension, similar to the mechanical tension of a spring).

Here you can fantasize: there is a vacuum (the first object) and something else (the zero object), for example, apeiron, the Universal mind, God, etc., that is, something that is beyond the limits of perception from our World and whose interaction with the vacuum gives field and matter, the further development (movement and transformation) of which creates the entire diversity of the World, including Life. This fantasy somewhat contradicts the system of views on the World, which is based on the concept of matter as a thing “available to our observation.”

Another option: matter, field and vacuum are different states of matter (similar to how water can exist in different states: gas, liquid, solid).

Vacuum is an undisturbed state, field is a stressed state, matter is an oscillating state. Developing the thought further, we get: motionless matter - vacuum, a voltage wave moving in it - a field, a photon, a moving packet of standing waves - matter.

Incomplete definition ↓