Created on: September 12, 2017

When to get 12 Volt for LED strip, or even for some other purpose, there is an option to make such a power supply with your own hands.

   Created on: June 14, 2017

Fan Speed ​​Controller

This regulator allows you to smoothly adjust variable resistor fan speed.

The speed controller of the floor fan went out the simplest. To get into the case from the old Nokia phone charging. There also climbed the terminals from an ordinary electrical outlet.

The installation is rather dense, but this was due to the dimensions of the enclosure ..

Lighting for plants with their own hands

   Created on: June 9, 2017

Lighting for plants with their own hands

There is a problem in lack of lighting plants, flowers or seedlings, and there is a need for artificial light   for them, and here such light we can provide on LEDs with their own hands.

Brightness control with own hands

   Created on: May 14, 2017

Brightness control with own hands

It all started with the fact that after I installed the home halogen lamps for lighting. At inclusion which not seldom burned out. Sometimes even 1 light bulb a day. Therefore, I decided to make a smooth inclusion of lighting based on the brightness control with my own hands, and I apply the brightness regulator circuit.

Refrigerator thermostat with own hands

   Created on: May 10, 2017

Refrigerator thermostat with own hands

It all started with the fact that after returning from work and opening the refrigerator found it warm there. Turning the thermostat regulator did not help - the cold did not appear. So I decided not to buy a new unit, which is also rare, but I myself make an electronic thermostat on ATtiny85. With the original thermostat, the difference is that the temperature sensor lies on the shelf, and not hidden in the wall. In addition, there are 2 LEDs - they signal that the unit is on or the temperature is above the upper threshold.

Soil Moisture Sensor

   Created on: April 30, 2017

Soil Moisture Sensor

This device can be used for automatic irrigation in greenhouses, flower greenhouses, flower beds and indoor plants. Below is a diagram of a simple sensor (detector) for the moisture (or dryness) of the soil with your own hands. When the soil dries, a voltage of up to 90 mA is applied, which is quite enough, to switch on the relay.

Also suitable for automatic activation of drip irrigation, to avoid excess moisture.

Scheme of power supply fluorescent lamp

   Created on: 04 January 2017

Scheme supply fluorescent lamp.

Often when the energy-saving lamps fail, the power circuit burns in it, and not the lamp itself. As is known, LDS   With burnt filaments, the rectified current of the network should be fed using a start-free starting device. At the same time, the filament of the lamp is bridged by a bridge and to which a high voltage is applied to turn on the lamp. There is instantaneous cold ignition of the lamp, a sudden increase in voltage on it, at start-up without preliminary heating of the electrodes. In this article we will consider start-up of the lamp.

USB keyboard for tablet

   Created on: December 29, 2016

USB keyboard for tablet

Suddenly, I took something and decided to buy a new keyboard for my PC. The desire for novelty is not forbidden. Changed the background color from white to black, and the color of the letters from red - black to white. A week later, the desire for novelty naturally went like water into the sand (an old friend is better than the new two) and the new thing was sent to the cabinet for storage - until better times. And so they came for her, did not even imagine that it would happen so quickly. And that's why the name would be even better suited to not that there is, but how to connect usb keyboard to the tablet.

Clock on the IN-14 lamps with your own hands

   Created on: October 30th 2015

Clock on the IN-14 lamps with your own hands

For a long time I wanted to lay out an article on the manufacture of own hands hours on lamps IN-14, or else they respond with a clock in the style of stim-punk.

I will try in stages and stopping at the key points to state only the most important thing. The clock indication is clearly visible both day and night, and in themselves look very nice, especially in a good wooden case. In general, proceed.

Screens, working from LEDs, are now very often used to advertise the services offered. Pharmacy items are available in any city block, as they sell the goods in demand - medicines, hygiene items, etc.

There is a very interesting statistics on which more than 80% of users leave an unfamiliar Internet resource if it does not boot in a few seconds. At the same time, users often err in the fact that at the time of downloading any site only the speed that the Internet provider provides affects.

To make a website yourself, special specific knowledge is not necessary. All this can be found on the Internet, but also quickly will not work, as many people claim. We must prepare to work hard to reach the level of the webmaster.

If you had to create an object using a "crown" battery, then you probably faced the problem of connecting your invention to a power source. So how to solve this issue, if all shops with special equipment are closed?

Robots are a common topic for discussion today. Their varieties have appeared quite a lot: from self-moving smartphone assistants to huge industrial robotic devices.

Reinforcing parts of electrical switches, sockets and other items are installed after the last stage of the repair of the room. Before installing the fittings, you should check the quality of the wires and the correctness of their wiring.

The work of home appliances is regulated by the voltage range, optimal for long-term and trouble-free operation. For household appliances, there are undesirable current drops, both upward and downward. Normalization of voltage can guarantee special devices, stabilizers. They fully justify their name.

For those who are just beginning to take the first steps in electronics, it is important to start somewhere. Well, we suggest that you get acquainted with ideas that may be useful in the future and at the same time give an idea of ​​how something should be done. What to choose if there is a desire to make simple ones? Here are the options that can be used in everyday life.

A simple power regulator for smoothly switching on lamps

This type of device has found wide application. The simplest is an ordinary diode, which is connected in series with the load. Such regulation can be used to extend the life of the incandescent lamp, as well as to prevent overheating of the soldering iron. They can also be used to vary power over a wide range of values. First, there will be the most simple electronic self-made crafts. Schemes you can see here.

How to protect yourself from fluctuations in mains voltage

This device disconnects the load if the mains voltage is out of range. As a rule, within the normal range, a deviation of up to 10% of the normative is considered. But in connection with the peculiarities of the energy supply system in our country, such a framework is not always respected. So, the voltage can be 1.5 times higher, or much lower than necessary. The result is often unpleasant - the equipment is out of order. Therefore, there is a need for a device that will disconnect the load earlier than something will burn. But when creating such a homemade, you need to be careful, since the work will be done with considerable stress.

How to make a safety transformer

In various electronic designs, transformerless power supplies are often used. Typically, these devices have a small capacity, and to avoid electro-injury, they are placed in an insulating plastic housing. But sometimes they need to be adjusted, and then the defense is opened. To avoid possible injuries, use a decoupling safety transformer. It will also be useful when repairing such devices. Structurally they consist of two identical windings, each of which is designed for the network. Typically, the power of transformers of this type varies in the range of 60-100 W, these are the optimal parameters for tuning different electronics.

Simple emergency light source

What should I do if it is necessary that in the event of a power outage the illumination of a section be maintained? The answer to these challenges can serve as an emergency luminaire based on a standard energy-saving lamp, whose power does not exceed 11 watts. So if it is necessary that the light be somewhere in the corridor, utility room or workplace, this homemade dress will have to be done. Usually, when there is voltage, they work directly from the network. When it disappears, the lamp starts to function on battery power. When voltage is restored in the network and the lamp will work, and the battery is automatically charged. The best electronic homemade pieces were left by the end of the article.

Increasing power regulator for soldering iron

In cases where it is necessary to solder massive parts or often lower the mains voltage, the use of a soldering iron becomes problematic. And to gain from this situation can increase the power regulator. In these cases, the load (i.e., the soldering iron) is supplied by rectified mains voltage. The change is carried out with the help of an electrolytic capacitor whose capacitance makes it possible to obtain a voltage greater than 1.41 network. So, at a standard voltage of 220 V, it will give 310 V. And if there is a drop, say, up to 160 V, then it turns out that 160 * 1.41 = 225.6 V, which will allow optimal operation. But this is only an example. You have the opportunity to make a scheme suitable for your conditions.

The simplest twilight switch (photocell)

As the creation of new parts, you now need fewer components to make a device. So, for an ordinary twilight switch, they only need 3. And thanks to the versatility of the design, multipurpose use is possible: in a multi-apartment building; To illuminate the porch or courtyard of a private home, or even a separate room. Pointing to the features of such a design as a twilight switch, it is called another "photo relay". You can find many implementation schemes that were made by either amateurs or industrialists. They have their own set of positive and negative properties. As negative properties, it is usually called either the need for a constant voltage source, or the complexity of the circuit itself. Also, when buying cheap and simple parts or whole sets often complain that they simply burn. The functional of the scheme is based on three components:

1. Photocell. Usually it is photoresistors, phototransistors and photodiodes.
2. Comparator.
3. A triac, or a relay.

When there is daylight, the resistance of the photocell is small, and does not exceed the threshold. But it is only dark - as at this moment the construction will be included.

Conclusion

Here are some interesting electronic homemade products you can do yourself. The main thing in cases where something does not work is to continue to try, and then everything will be successful. And gaining experience, you can move on to more complex schemes.

Modern electrical wiring in the house is a complicated scheme of cables, which is responsible for the safety of the operation of a large number of household appliances. Thirty years ago everything was much easier. And even in those days the laying of wires required the master of knowledge and skill. Although, if you take into account some of the rules and requirements of modern standards, the wiring in the house with your own hands (schemes may be different) is a real thing.

Electrical wiring rules

So, the correctly performed work on electrical installation depends on the fulfillment of the requirements of one document - it is the "Rules of the Device of Electrical Installations" or shorter than the PUE. In fact, this is a step-by-step instruction for use. In this document everything is laid out on the shelves. Which of these rules will help you to properly mount the wiring in a private house with your own hands?

• All wiring elements must be accessible, regardless of the location of their installation. These elements include sockets, switches, junction boxes, counters.
• Sockets are installed at an altitude of 50-80 cm from the floor surface. Distance from cooking plates and heating radiators - half a meter. The number of outlets is determined by the area of ​​the room. One outlet for 6 m². In the kitchen, the amount is determined by the need for these devices. In the toilet they are not installed, in the bathroom installation of waterproof samples is made.
• The switches must be mounted at a height of 60-150 cm, while the width of the door leaf must be taken into account. It must not close the switch. Usually, if the door opens to the left. Then the switch is installed on the right side of the input.

Attention! Connection of sockets and switches is made to the cable, which is laid only vertically. The best option is from the bottom up.

• The wires can only be laid horizontally or vertically. In this case, there are certain distances from adjacent surfaces, pipes or supporting structures. For horizontal contours - 5-10 cm from the joists, or 15 cm from the base surface of the ceiling. From the floor in the range from 15 to 20 cm. Vertical contours: from window and door openings not less than 10 cm, from gas pipes - 40 cm.
• Regardless of which wiring is to be laid (hidden or open), make sure that the cable does not press against the metal parts of the structure.
• If several wires are laid one by one at a time, then it is contraindicated to press them against each other. The minimum distance is 3 mm between them. It is better to lay each cable in a corrugated box or box.
• Connect aluminum and copper wire between them is prohibited.
• The earthing and zeroing circuits are connected only by bolt fasteners.

As you can see, the rules are not very complicated, so making the wiring correctly with your own hands will not be difficult.

The scheme

Create a wiring diagram in the house with your own hands, if you are a layman, it is better not to. This should be handled by a specialist. For his services have to pay, but it's worth it. Although to understand, given the above rules, you can and yourself, but this will take time.

So, the rules are known, it remains to scatter wires around the rooms and close them on lighting devices, sockets and switches. Therefore, move the paper on the paper plan rooms and utility rooms. In them indicate the places of lighting points, sockets and switches. They are connected with cables. It would seem that everything is very simple. But we need to take into account the power consumption of lamps and household appliances. Therefore, today the masters use three types of wiring for the premises:

• consistent;
• parallel;
• mixed.

The last option is the most optimal. First, materials are saved during installation. Secondly, it has a higher efficiency.

Practice shows that to each room it is necessary to conduct a separate circuit from the switchboard. In addition, lighting is separate from the sockets. But consider the moment that, for example, in the kitchen a very large number of devices that consume more power. Therefore, it is necessary to bring a cable from the switchboard up to the room in the drop-in box to withstand the total power consumption, and already from it, separately for each outlet, its wire. In this case, you can save, given the purpose of the outlet. For example, for a dishwasher to conduct a cable with a large section, and under the refrigerator with a smaller one.

Attention! Reducing the connection points makes it possible to simplify the wiring layout and get a decent saving of materials.

Calculation of power and selection of cable cross-section

To conduct wiring in a block or brick house (in an apartment) is a matter of skill and skill. But the correct calculation of the required number of cables, and even more so of its cross-section - is quite complicated. What is required for this?

The most important thing is to correctly calculate the power consumption of all appliances in one room. Here is an example in a small kitchen. So, in the kitchen there is an electric kettle with a capacity of 2 kW, a microwave oven of 1 kW, a refrigerator of 0.4 kW, and several light bulbs with a total power of 0.4 kW. To calculate the current strength in a given circuit, it is necessary to use Ohm's law:

I = P / U, where P - total power (put in watts), U - voltage in the network (220 V). In our case, we get: I = 3800/220 = 17.2 A.

To determine the current cross section of the wire, you need to compare these indicators according to special tables, which are on the Internet a large number. For example, here is this bottom.

In our case, a copper cable with a cross-section of 4.1 mm² is required. The internal layout of the points of consumption with the definition of power is made exactly the same. Only have to consider one device that will consume current from this outlet.

Diagram of wiring in a private house

The layout of the wiring in a private house begins with an input cable, calculated for a power of 0.4 kV. Today counters are taken out of the house and installed inside the switchboards on the street. Here, a common automatic and RCD are installed. From this shield is laid the cable to the second distribution cabinet, which is located inside the house. And already from it the internal wiring is made through the rooms.

As already mentioned above, consumers need to be divided into groups, the main of which, if the house is small, is:

• lighting;
• sockets;
• power group - a washing and dishwasher, boiler, electric boiler.

For each group, a system of automatic machines and RCDs is installed in accordance with the power consumption. All other wiring and installation is carried out according to the rules about which it was written above.

Please note that at least three cores of the cable must enter the private house: phase, zero and ground. This is the optimal scheme. Many owners of houses introduce two wires: a phase and a zero, and the scheme is zeroed out through the zero contour. It is best to introduce a grounding loop into the building separately.

As practice shows, lighting is the smallest circuit, therefore, it is equipped with an VVG 3 × 1.5 cable. It is a copper three-core cable with a cross-section of 1.5 mm². For sockets it is best to use VVG 3 × 2.5.

And one more important point, which concerns wiring installation, is hidden wiring or open. Today private houses are being built from different materials. Therefore, if this is a wooden house, then the best option is open installation. If the brick house or block, then hidden.

The most difficult is a hidden option. The thing is that when repairing the building you have to deal with the walling of the walls with the help of a Bulgarian. This process is dusty and laborious, so try to do the laying of wires before the finishing works.

Conclusion on the topic

Electrics is a serious matter. Anyone who decides to conduct it with their own hands, is at great risk. A small mistake can cost you everything. Therefore, the advice at last - each circuit must be checked for resistance, and better entrust the installation of electric wiring to professionals.

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