Organization of construction of linear structures of local communication networks. Organization of construction of linear structures of local communication networks General instructions for the construction of linear structures of urban transport networks

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MANAGEMENT

for construction

linear structures

local communication networks (part 1).

Notations and abbreviations

Section 1. Organization of construction of linear structures of local communication networks

1.1.General provisions

1.2.Organization of construction production

1.3.Preparation of construction production

1.4.Quality control of construction and installation works

Section 2. Excavation work

2.1.General provisions

2.2.Characteristics and classification of soils

2.3. Layout of routes

2.4. Fencing of excavation work sites

2.5. Opening and restoration of road and street surfaces

2.6. Open-pit development of soil in trenches and pits

2.7.Development of trenches and pits in frozen soils

2.8. Fastening the walls of trenches and pits

2.9.Filling trenches and pits, transporting soil

2.10. Construction of horizontal wells for cable crossings across roads and railways

2.11. Arrangement of cable transitions with laying of asbestos-cement pipes in metal cases

2.12. Installation of cable transitions using horizontal directional drilling

2.13 Land reclamation

Section 3 Construction of underground communication cable duct

3.1 General provisions

3.2 Types and sizes of pipes and communication cable ducting units

3.3 General requirements for laying communication cable ducts

3.4 Technology for laying cable drainage pipelines from asbestos-cement pipes

3.5 Technology for laying cable drainage pipelines from concrete blocks

3.6 Technology for laying cable drainage pipelines from polyethylene pipes

3.7 Laying PVC pipes

3.8 Laying pipelines on bridges

3.9 Inserting pipelines into cable drainage wells

3.10 Communication cable ducts

3.11 Basic materials for the construction and manufacture of communication cable ducts

3.12 Production and construction of reinforced concrete wells

3.13 Construction of brick wells

3.14 Pit pits for communication cable ducts

3.15 Equipment of communication cable ducts

3.16 Features of the construction of communication cable ducts in busy and difficult street conditions

3.17 Construction and equipment of wells to accommodate unattended regeneration intermediate points of PCM transmission systems

3.18 Construction of a communication cable tray on waterlogged soils in the north

3.19 Arrangement of cable entries for local communication networks into the buildings of communication enterprises

3.20 Distribution cabinets

3.21 Use of multichannels (blocks) made of plastic

Section 4. Laying cables of local communication networks in underground cable ducts, collectors, tunnels, over bridges and in the premises of communication enterprises

4.1 General provisions. Incoming control of building lengths.

4.2 Grouping of cable lengths

4.3 Preparing cable ducts for laying cables

4.4 Laying communication cables with metal conductors in cable ducts

4.5 Features of laying optical cables

4.6 Laying communication cables in wells

4.7 Laying communication cables in collectors, tunnels and bridges

4.8 Laying communication cables in protective plastic pipes (PPP)

Section 5 Laying local communication network cables in the ground

5.1 General provisions

5.2 Route layout

5.3 Laying cables in an open trench

5.4 Laying communication cables using cable layers

5.5 Features of laying cables with outer plastic sheaths

5.6 Features of laying optical cables

5.7 Cable laying in permafrost areas

5.8 Features of work in mountain conditions

5.9 Features of cable laying in winter

5.10 Designation of communication cable routes

Section 6 Laying communication cables across water barriers

6.1.General provisions

6.2 Preparatory work

6.3 Laying cables through water obstacles using a knife cable laying machine

6.4 Preliminary development of subsea trenches

6.5 Laying the cable from the watercraft into the finished trench

6.6 Strengthening submarine cables on shore

6.7 Fencing of underwater cable crossings

Section 7 Arrangement of cable entries into public and residential buildings and laying cables in them

7.1 General provisions

7.2 Installation of underground cable entry into the building

7.3 Device for aerial cable entry into the building

7.4 Open laying of cables along the walls of buildings

7.5 Use of a construction gun when laying cables and installing communication equipment

7.6 Arranging cable passages through walls and ceilings

7.7 Laying and securing cables

7.8 Laying cables in hidden wiring channels

Section 8 Construction of overhead pole and rack communication lines with suspension of wires and cables

8.1 General provisions

8.2 Linear fittings, materials and tools

8.4 Manufacturing and equipment of supports

8.5 Layout of the line route

8.6 Transporting supports

8.7 Digging holes for supports

8.8 Installation and strengthening of supports

8.9 Cable supports

8.10 Wire rolling and wire connection

8.11 Suspension and adjustment of wires

8.12 Tying wires on insulators

8.13 Cable suspension on overhead pole lines

8.14 Construction of rack-mount communication lines

Section 9 Construction of fiber-optic transmission lines on overhead power lines with voltage 0.kV

9.1 General provisions

9.2 Organization and carrying out preparatory work

9.3 Rolling out and hanging OK

9.4 Performing OK descents from supports

9.5 Installation of couplings

9.6 Laying cables in a cable block (cable duct) and in the ground

PREFACE

This "Manual for the construction of linear structures of local communication networks", M., 2005 (hereinafter referred to as the "Guide...") was developed by OJSC "SSKTB-TOMASS" and is the second supplemented and corrected edition of the "Guide...", published in 1995

This “Manual...” takes into account the modern level of communication technology, including fiber optic, modern technologies for installing communication cables, new types of measuring equipment are given, the experience of construction and installation organizations in the construction of linear structures, proposals received for adjusting the publication are taken into account , as well as the requirements set out in regulatory documents issued over a period of years.

Section 10 “Construction of subscriber points” does not provide a description of the work during the construction of various types of subscriber access networks, but provides only general information about these networks.

When developing the first edition of the "Guide..." sections were compiled: 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 19 -; 3 - ; 4, 12 - ; 11 - SM. Kuleshov, and; ; 13 - ; 14 - ; 15 - ; 16 - ; 17 - Ph.D. , 18-k. so-called .

Responsible and technical editing of the first edition was carried out by Ph.D. And.

The following people took part in the development of the second edition: - general management, - revision of individual sections, compilation and inclusion of additions in the “Manual...”, adjustment of the content of sections, SM. Kuleshov - revision of sections 11 and 12; Ph.D. - revision of section 15; - revision of section 13, SM. Kuleshov, Ph.D. - technical and general editing, - technical design and preparation for publication.

The second edition of the "Manual..." was reviewed by specialists from organizations in the Communications industry: ZAO Svyazstroydetal, TsNIIS, St. Petersburg, OJSC Mostelefonstroy, ZAO Concern Svyazstroy.

The comments and suggestions of these organizations, in accordance with the summary of comments and suggestions, are included in the content of the “Manual...”.

Comments and suggestions regarding the “Manual...” should be sent to OJSC "SSKTB-TOMASS" (Moscow, Nizhnyaya Krasnoselskaya St., 13),

This “Manual...” contains references to the following regulatory documents:

Federal Communications Law. M.; 2003

GOST R 1.5-92 General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards

GOST 9.602-89 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging. Underground structures. General requirements for corrosion protection

GOST Soils. Classification

GOST 464-79 Grounding for fixed installations of wired communications, radio relay stations, radio broadcasting nodes of wired broadcasting and antennas of collective television reception systems. Resistance standards

GOST 1839-80 Asbestos-cement pipes and couplings for non-pressure pipelines. Specifications

GOST 5151*-79 Wooden drums for electrical cables and wires

GOST 8591-76 Hatches for cable wells of telephone sewerage. Specifications

GOST Protection schemes against dangerous voltages and currents arising on wire broadcasting lines. General requirements and standards

GOST Symmetrical high-frequency communication cables with cord-polystyrene insulation

GOST National automated telephone communication system. Terms and Definitions

GOST Components of fiber-optic transmission systems. Terms and Definitions. Gosstandart, M., 1985

GOST 26600*-98 Navigation signs for inland shipping routes. General technical conditions

GOST R Linear local telephone network structures. Terms and Definitions

GOST R Telephone cables with polyethylene insulation and a plastic sheath. Specifications

OST 45.01-98 Primary network of the interconnected communication network of the Russian Federation. Elementary cable sections and cable sections of transmission lines. Electrical standards. Test methods

OCT 45.36-97 Cable, overhead and mixed city telephone lines. Electrical operating standards

OST 45.62-97 Line equipment for UPBX subscriber lines. Operating standards

OST 45.82-96 City telephone network. Subscriber cable lines with metal conductors. Operating standards

OST 45.83-96 Rural telephone network. Subscriber lines of rural telephone networks. Operating standards

OST 45.119-99 System of occupational safety standards. Regeneration points for fiber-optic transmission lines. General safety requirements

OST 45.121-97 Main and intra-zone cable transmission lines. The structures are linear. Terms and Definitions

OST 45. Fiber-optic transmission systems. Terms and Definitions

GB Rules for the design and safe operation of pressure vessels

CH 461-74. Norms for land allocation for communication lines

SNiP 3.01.01-85* Organization of construction production. M., 2000

SNiP 3.01.04-87 Acceptance into operation of completed construction facilities. Basic provisions. Gosstroy USSR, M., 1988

SNiP System of normative documents in construction. Basic provisions

SNiP Labor safety in construction. Part I. General requirements

SNiP Labor safety in construction. Part I I. Construction production

RD 45. Guiding document of the Ministry of Communications of Russia. Process Design Standards. Urban and rural telephone networks (NTN)

RD 45. . Guiding document of the Russian Ministry of Communications. Grounding and potential equalization of fiber optic line equipment at wired communication facilities

Guidelines for the design and corrosion protection of underground metal structures. M., Communication, 1978

Rules for the protection of wired communication devices, railway signaling and telemechanics from the dangerous and interfering influence of power lines. In two parts, interdepartmental.

Part 1 General provisions, dangerous influences.

Part 2 Interfering influences

Rules for the protection of wired communication devices and wired broadcasting from the influence of the traction network of electrified AC railways. Interdepartmental (Publishing house "Transport", M. 1989)

Rules for the construction and repair of overhead lines and radio broadcast networks (Ministry of Communications of the USSR, "Svyaz", M. 1975), parts I-IV

Additions and changes to the "Rules for the construction and repair of overhead communication lines and radio broadcast networks" Parts I and III, 1975; M. "Communication": 1979

Rules for the protection of communication lines and structures (Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 07/09/95 No. 000)

Rules for the design, construction, and operation of fiber optic lines on overhead power lines with a voltage of 0.kV, Ministry of Communications of Russia, Ministry of Energy of Russia, M. 2003)

Guidelines for the commissioning of linear structures for wired communications and wired broadcasting. "SSKTB-TOMASS", M., 1990

"Rules for commissioning communication facilities" (Enacted by the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation by order dated January 1, 2001 No. 000)

Temporary regulations for the acceptance of completed construction projects. Gosstroy of Russia, M., 1993

Unified guidelines for the preparation of as-built documentation for completed linear wire communication structures. "SSKTB-THOMASS", M., 1991

Technological map for sealing channels and manholes of cable sewer manholes, OJSC "SSKTB-TOMASS", 1996

TU AHSHZ.623.000 Terminal optical distribution devices and fiber optic cords

TU 16 K Telephone cables with air-paper insulation in lead, steel and aluminum sheaths

TU 16 K Rural communication cables (KSPP)

TU 16 K Optical cables for the Interconnected Communication Network of Russia. JSC "Moskabel-Fujikura"

TU 16-Wires with a polyethylene protective sheath for field communications. Specifications (P-274, P-268)

TU 16.505.715-75 Symmetrical low-frequency communication cables (TZA)

TU 16-705.455-87 Optical cables OZKG-1

TU Optical cables. Eurocable I LLC

THAT. Optical cables OMZKGm

TU 1-450. Communication cables with loosely laid optical fibers. LLC "Elix-Cable"

TU Optical communication cables. LLC "Opten"

TU Consoles for cable wells and communication shafts KKCH

TU Protective polyethylene pipes for linear communication structures. CJSC "Plastkom"

Notations and abbreviations

(Abbreviations are given in the order they appear in the "Manual...")

Section 1. Organization of construction of linear structures of local communication networks

1.1.General provisions

The local telephone communications network is an integral part of the public communications network, which is part of the Unified Telecommunications Network of the Russian Federation.

Local telephone networks consist of line and station structures.

Linear structures include subscriber lines (AL) and trunk lines (CL). A subscriber line is a set of circuits connecting a city or rural (district) telephone exchange with a subscriber point, and consists of sections: trunk, distribution and subscriber wiring.

Subscriber lines can be of direct power supply, connected via laid cables directly to the telephone exchange, or connected to the telephone exchange according to a cabinet diagram through distribution cabinets (SD).

The lines from telephone sets to distribution boxes are subscriber wiring. Subscriber wiring is included in a telephone distribution box (TPB), from which the distribution cable extends.

Distribution cables from several KRT, as a rule, are included in a distribution cable of appropriate capacity, which is laid to the distribution cabinet (DR) and connected to its terminal devices.

The set of lines between distribution boxes and distribution cabinets is called a distribution network. The backbone sections of the subscriber network are laid from the distribution cabinets to the automatic telephone exchange; stations, including long-distance ones, are connected by trunk lines (CL).

Linear structures of a local communication network are a set of technical means that form a propagation medium consisting of a cable or overhead communication line, along pairs of wires (optical fibers) of which physical circuits (fiber-optic paths) are created for transmitting telecommunication signals.

Linear cable structures of local communication networks consist of: cables laid in cable ducts, in collectors, in the ground, in buildings along wall foundations and in channels, as well as suspended on pole and rack supports; all types of couplings and splices; unattended intensifiers (NUP) and regeneration points (NRP); distribution cabinets and boxes; equipment for maintaining cables under excess air (gas) pressure; cable crossings across roads, railways, underground communications and water barriers.

The structures of overhead communication lines include: pole overhead lines, the wires of which are suspended on wooden, reinforced concrete supports or wooden supports in reinforced concrete attachments; cable supports with cable transition devices (UKS, YAKGM, YARKZ, etc.); introduction of overhead communication lines into communication enterprises, residential and other buildings; crossings of overhead lines at the intersection of contact networks of ground-based electric transport, railways and highways, power transmission and communication lines; rack lines, the wires of which are suspended on intermediate, corner and terminal rack supports installed on the roofs of buildings.

A) excavation work, construction of cable ducts, laying cables in sewers, sewers, tunnels, laying cables in the ground, laying cables through water barriers, roads and railways, arranging cable entries into buildings with laying cables along walls with installation of terminal devices and subscriber points ;

b) construction of pole communication lines with installation and equipment of supports, suspension of overhead wires and cables, lightning rod equipment; installation of rack lines with the same work performed as on pole lines, as well as subscriber stations with laying of single-pair cables, installation of telephone sets and connection of the automatic control system (for air entry).

V) installation of line entries into telephone exchange buildings with installation of metal structures and fittings in cable entry rooms, glove rooms and pits;

G) installation of cables in cable ducts, in pits, on overhead cable lines and cables laid on the walls of buildings; balancing of cables, as well as insertion (charging) of cables into boxes, UKS boxes, cable boxes, optical terminal devices;

d) making electrical measurements during cable installation, as well as on completed communication lines;

protection of cables from corrosion, from dangerous voltages and currents;

e) installation of equipment for maintaining cables under excess pressure and placing cables under constant excess pressure;

and) drawing up as-built documentation for completed linear structures to present them for delivery to acceptance commissions.

1.2.Organization of construction production

1.2.1. The organization of construction production includes a set of organizational and technical measures that ensure the most efficient use of labor, machines, mechanisms, materials, as a result of which the successful implementation of production goals is achieved, the commissioning of construction projects in a timely manner, with minimal labor and material costs and with high quality of work.

1.2.2. When carrying out work on the construction of linear structures of local networks, the requirements stipulated by the design documentation, State standards, Departmental construction standards of the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation, technical conditions (TU) and installation instructions of manufacturers of equipment, cable and linear fittings, current rules must be observed on labor protection and this “Manual...”. .

1.2.3. When constructing objects in areas of existing urban development, the conditions for carrying out work with the identification of dangerous zones, boundaries and axes of underground structures and communications must be agreed upon with state supervisory authorities, local Administration and operating organizations.

1.2.4. Seasonal work must be carried out at the most favorable time. For year-round construction of linear structures, a reserve must be created that allows work to be carried out in winter conditions without performing labor-intensive excavation work.

1.2.5. Construction and installation work should be mechanized as much as possible. When carrying out excavation, loading and unloading, transport and cable work, which are highly labor-intensive, comprehensive mechanization should, if possible, be used, that is, mechanization of both the main and auxiliary and related construction processes.

1.2.6. Work on the construction of local telephone networks is carried out by organizations and individuals who have licenses to carry out one or another type of work and are registered for construction activities in the manner prescribed by law. Customers for the construction of local communication networks can be legal entities and individuals with financial resources.

1.2.7. Customer organizations (or individuals) and general contractors enter into a contract between themselves for the construction of local communication network structures, containing general (unchangeable, as a rule, for all cases) and special conditions that reflect the specifics of a particular construction project or unusual local circumstances that require inclusion additional agreed obligations. The relationship between them is based solely on contractual terms.

1.2.8. The rights and obligations of the responsible performer of work (work manager, foreman, foreman, worker) are regulated by job descriptions and contract agreements.

1.3.Preparation of construction production

1.3.1. Preparation of construction production should ensure the technological deployment of construction and installation work and the interconnected activities of all partners involved in the construction of linear structures.

1.3.2. General organizational and technical preparation of construction includes: incoming control of received design and estimate documentation, conclusion of construction contracts and subcontracts for construction, in-situ design of routes for the construction of cable ducts, laying of cables, overhead communication lines; registration of permits (warrants) and permits for work, organizing the supply of materials, equipment, structures and finished products for construction; preparation of vehicles and mechanisms; receipt and storage of cables, equipment, fittings, materials, non-standard products and their incoming inspection; formation of labor force units in accordance with the calculation of its needs, as well as provision of tools, equipment, small-scale mechanization and measuring equipment; research and preparation of housing for workers; placement of the construction site, on-site warehouse

1.3.3. When familiarizing yourself with the routes for laying local communication lines, it is necessary to clarify: the characteristics of the soil and the nature of the terrain; the presence and nature of intersections of routes with power lines, roads and railways, water barriers, underground structures; sections of routes for the construction of cable ducts and laying cables in the ground, where mechanization of excavation work is possible; locations for cable or other platforms and necessary storage facilities; availability of housing, drinking water, provision of meals for workers; the condition of roads and entrances to places where materials are stored along the routes for laying cables and constructing overhead lines; the condition and construction readiness of buildings and premises intended for the installation of communication equipment and, first of all, cable entry and distribution rooms; the presence of enterprises capable of producing prefabricated reinforced concrete wells, reinforced concrete supports and attachments for construction, producing ready-mixed concrete and the conditions for the provision of these services.

1.3.4. During preparation for the construction of each local communication network facility, the following should also be provided for: study by line personnel of the design and working drawings, as well as in situ routes for the construction of linear communication structures; drawing up, if necessary, a work project (WPP).

1.3.5. For most construction projects of line-cable structures of local communication networks, it is recommended to develop work execution plans (WPP). They are documents of engineering preparation of production, defining the rational organization of work on construction and are compiled in order to determine the most effective methods for performing construction and installation work, helping to reduce their cost and labor intensity, reduce construction time, as well as improve the quality of work, which ultimately should ensure Receiving a profit. When developing PPR, it is recommended to use the instructions and forms given in SNiP 3.01.01-85*. "Organization of construction production", M., 1990 and in "Recommendations for drawing up projects for the production of works for the construction of linear hydraulic structures", SKTB, M., 1982.

1.3.6. The quality of work performed, worker productivity and improvement of labor organization largely depend on the technical equipment with tools, devices and small-scale mechanization. When staffing them, it is recommended to equip teams (links) of workers with tool sets in accordance with their professions. Tool sets must necessarily include labor protection and safety equipment. When using new types of cables, equipment, terminal devices, couplings, installation kits, materials, cable and linear fittings at construction sites, the customer and contractor must agree on decisions on their use at this site and ensure that specialists from contractors and operating organizations are trained in the rules for installing new equipment with involving manufacturers and suppliers.

1.4. Quality control of construction and installation works

1.4.1 A special place in the fulfillment of the contractor’s contractual obligations for the construction of local telephone communication facilities is occupied by the issues of quality control of construction and installation work, which is determined by the compliance of their indicators with the requirements of the project and regulatory documentation.

1.4.2 In the process of technical preparation of construction production, it is recommended to carry out the following activities that help improve the quality of construction and installation works: studying design documentation and making decisions to improve the organization of work, to introduce progressive technology, accumulated experience, and the rational composition of mechanisms, tools and devices; providing construction with regulatory documentation, work plans, technological maps or technological diagrams for the entire range of work performed.

1.4.3 In the process of logistics support for construction, measures that have a positive impact on the quality of construction and installation work are advisable, namely: timely and complete delivery of products and materials necessary for construction; organization of quality control of supplied products and materials, equipment; ensuring standard quality of products manufactured at subsidiary enterprises of the contractor.

1.4.4 When staffing construction with qualified personnel, at least the following requirements must be taken into account: the qualifications of specialists must correspond to the technical complexity of the work performed, and training and advanced training programs for specialists must include the study of methods for improving the quality of construction and installation works, including progressive technology, new mechanisms, tools and devices . An analysis of characteristic defects allowed during the performance of work and the adoption of measures to prevent them should also be carried out.

It is also recommended: creating conditions for high-quality construction and installation work, based on real planning, ensuring the rhythmic execution of work; ensuring satisfactory living conditions at sites, especially linear ones, which reduces staff turnover and the effective use of a system of material incentives to improve the quality of construction and installation work.

1.4.5 Quality control of construction and installation works must be carried out at all stages of their implementation and is divided into the following forms: input; operating; acceptance; inspection.

During incoming inspection, the compliance of design and estimate documentation, equipment, structures, assembly units and materials received for construction with the established requirements is checked.

At the same time, compliance with the rules of their transportation, warehousing and storage is also checked.

The composition of inspections, tests and measurements carried out during the incoming inspection process and the procedure for their execution are determined by the relevant instructions. The electrical parameters of the equipment are checked after its installation.

During operational control, technological discipline and quality of work are checked during their implementation and after completion of a certain production operation. The composition and its order are established by operational quality control schemes (OSQC), developed directly by the organization responsible for the work.

An approximate scheme of operational quality control of work is shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 - Construction of cable ducts

All defects identified during operational control must be eliminated before subsequent operations begin.

During acceptance control, the quality of completed structural elements, individual structures, types of work and objects as a whole is checked. Interim acceptance of completed work is carried out by representatives of technical supervision appointed by the customer. Specialists allocated by the operating organization may be appointed as representatives of the customer.

1.4.6 Hidden work is subject to physical inspection during intermediate acceptance by a technical supervision representative together with a representative of the contractor's organization, which, when subsequent final operations are performed, become inaccessible for inspection without openings or other measures. These types of work include: laying pipelines and constructing cable drainage wells; laying cables and protective wires in the ground; laying cables in cable ducts; installation of cable crossings across roads and railways; installation of cable crossings across water barriers; installation of couplings and cable splices; installation of grounding; construction of the NRP; assembly, equipment and installation of supports and suspension of wires of overhead communication lines.

The customer's technical supervision representative must be informed by the contractor's representative when, where and what kind of work is being performed, and systematically invite them to the site of these works to inspect their quality and draw up reports on hidden and other work performed. In case of failure of the customer's technical supervision representative to appear at the appointed time, reports are drawn up by representatives of the construction and installation organization unilaterally with a note about the failure of the customer's representative and information from the customer's organization.

If a representative of the customer’s technical supervision refuses to sign acts for hidden work due to poor quality work, he informs the customer’s organization and the contractor about this to take appropriate measures. Acts for hidden work by type, which indicate the verifiable indicators, are drawn up according to current forms.

1.4.7 During inspection control, a random check of compliance with technological discipline and the quality of construction and installation work is carried out. Inspection control is carried out by commissions appointed by order of the contractor. The results of inspection control are documented in a commission act or report, which are presented to the official who appointed the inspection in order to take action on the commission’s findings.

1.4.8 In accordance with the contract, the contractor maintains a log of work at the construction site from the moment the work begins until its completion. At the same time, the contract, by agreement of the parties, determines the procedure for maintaining a journal (for each object separately or as a whole for construction, or types of work) and also stipulates the customer’s right to control the contents of the journal. The customer's requirements regarding the quality of the work must be recorded in a log and fulfilled by the contractor, with a subsequent entry in the log about the elimination of noted deficiencies in the work.

2 Earthworks

2.1 General provisions

2.1.1 During the construction of linear local communication structures, earthworks are carried out, which include:

A) loosening the soil, digging and filling trenches and pits for laying and installing cables, as well as for the construction of communication cable ducts;

b) digging pits for the installation of NRP on cable lines laid in the ground;

ORGANIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION OF LINEAR STRUCTURES OF LOCAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Telecommunication network - technological systems that provide one or more types of transmissions: telephone, telegraph, fax, data transmission and other types of documentary messages, including the exchange of information between computers, television, sound and other types of radio and wire broadcasting.

1.2. Interconnected communication network (VSS Russia) - a complex of technologically interconnected telecommunication networks on the territory of the Russian Federation, provided with common centralized management.

Public communications network - an integral part of the VSS of Russia, open for use by all individuals and legal entities, the services of which cannot be denied to these individuals.

Departmental communication networks - telecommunication networks of ministries and other federal executive authorities, created to meet production and other special needs, with access to the public communications network.

1.3. The local telephone communication network is part of the primary network of the VSS of Russia, which is limited to the territory of a city with suburbs or a rural area.

1.4. Local telephone networks consist of line and station structures.

Linear structures include subscriber lines (AL) and trunk lines (CL). A subscriber line is a set of circuits connecting a city or rural (district) telephone exchange with a telephone set, and consists of sections: trunk, distribution and subscriber wiring.

Subscriber lines can be directly powered, connected via cables laid directly to the telephone exchange, or connected to the telephone exchange via a cabinet circuit through distribution cabinets(SR).

The lines from telephone sets to distribution boxes are called subscriber wiring. Ten subscriber wires are included in a telephone distribution box (DTB), from which a ten-pair distribution cable extends.

Distribution cables from several KRT, as a rule, are included in a distribution cable of appropriate capacity, which is laid to the distribution cabinet (DR) and soldered to its terminal devices. The set of lines between distribution boxes and distribution cabinets is called a distribution network. The backbone sections of the subscriber network are laid from the distribution cabinets to the automatic telephone exchange; individual stations, including long-distance ones, are connected by trunk lines (CL).

1.5. Linear local communication structures are a set of technical means that form a propagation medium consisting of a cable or overhead communication line, along pairs of wires of which physical circuits are created for transmitting telecommunication signals.

1.6. Line-cable local communication structures consist of:

· from cables laid in cable ducts, in collectors, in the ground, in buildings along wall foundations and in channels, as well as suspended on pole and rack supports;

· all types of couplings and splices;

· unattended intensifiers (NUP) and regeneration points (NRP);

· distribution cabinets and boxes;

· equipment for maintaining cables under excess air (gas) pressure;

· Pupin boxes built into the cable;

· cable crossings across roads, railways, underground communications and water barriers.

1.7. Overhead communication lines include:

· cable supports with cable transition devices (CDD);

· Inputs of communication lines and wire broadcasting into communication enterprises;

· crossings of overhead lines at the intersections of contact networks of ground-based electric transport, railways and highways, power transmission and communication lines;

· rack lines, the wires of which are suspended on intermediate, corner and terminal racks installed on the roofs of buildings.

1.8. The main types of construction and installation work during the construction of linear structures are:

· excavation works, construction of cable ducts, laying of cables in sewers, sewers, tunnels, laying cables in the ground, laying cables through water barriers, roads and railways, arranging cable entries into buildings with laying cables along walls with installation of terminal devices;

· construction of pole lines with installation and support rigging, suspension of wires and cables, lightning rod equipment; installation of rack lines with the same work performed as on pole lines, as well as subscriber stations with laying of single-pair cables, installation of telephone sets and grounding devices (for air entry);

· installation of linear inputs into telephone exchange buildings with installation of metal structures and fittings in cable entry rooms, glove rooms and pits;

· installation of cables in sewer inspection devices, in pits, on overhead cable lines and on the walls of buildings; pinning and balancing of cables, as well as insertion (charging) of cables into boxes, boxes and cable boxes;

· making electrical measurements during cable installation, as well as on completed communication lines; protection of cables from corrosion, from dangerous voltages and currents;

MANAGEMENT

for construction

linear structures

local communication networks (part 1).
CONTENT

Preface

Notations and abbreviations

1.1.General provisions

1.4.Quality control of construction and installation works
Section 2. Excavation work

2.1.General provisions

2.2.Characteristics and classification of soils

2.3. Layout of routes

2.4. Fencing of excavation work sites

2.5. Opening and restoration of road and street surfaces

2.6. Open-pit development of soil in trenches and pits

2.7.Development of trenches and pits in frozen soils

2.8. Fastening the walls of trenches and pits

2.9.Filling trenches and pits, transporting soil

2.10. Construction of horizontal wells for cable crossings across roads and railways

2.11. Arrangement of cable transitions with laying of asbestos-cement pipes in metal cases

2.12. Installation of cable transitions using horizontal directional drilling

2.13 Land reclamation
Section 3 Construction of underground communication cable duct

3.1 General provisions

3.2 Types and sizes of pipes and communication cable ducting units

3.3 General requirements for laying communication cable ducts

3.4 Technology for laying cable drainage pipelines from asbestos-cement pipes

3.5 Technology for laying cable drainage pipelines from concrete blocks

3.6 Technology for laying cable drainage pipelines from polyethylene pipes

3.7 Laying PVC pipes

3.8 Laying pipelines on bridges

3.9 Inserting pipelines into cable drainage wells

3.10 Communication cable ducts

3.11 Basic materials for the construction and manufacture of communication cable ducts

3.12 Production and construction of reinforced concrete wells

3.13 Construction of brick wells

3.14 Pit pits for communication cable ducts

3.15 Equipment of communication cable ducts

3.16 Features of the construction of communication cable ducts in busy and difficult street conditions

3.17 Construction and equipment of wells to accommodate unattended regeneration intermediate points of PCM transmission systems

3.18 Construction of a communication cable tray on waterlogged soils in the north

3.19 Arrangement of cable entries for local communication networks into the buildings of communication enterprises

3.20 Distribution cabinets

3.21 Use of multichannels (blocks) made of plastic
Section 4. Laying cables of local communication networks in underground cable ducts, collectors, tunnels, along bridges and in the premises of communication enterprises

4.1 General provisions. Incoming control of building lengths.

4.2 Grouping of cable lengths

4.3 Preparing cable ducts for laying cables

4.4 Laying communication cables with metal conductors in cable ducts

4.5 Features of laying optical cables

4.6 Laying communication cables in wells

4.7 Laying communication cables in collectors, tunnels and bridges

4.8 Laying communication cables in protective plastic pipes (PPP)
Section 5 Laying local communication network cables in the ground

5.1 General provisions

5.2 Route layout

5.3 Laying cables in an open trench

5.4 Laying communication cables using cable layers

5.5 Features of laying cables with outer plastic sheaths

5.6 Features of laying optical cables

5.7 Cable laying in permafrost areas

5.8 Features of work in mountain conditions

5.9 Features of cable laying in winter

5.10 Designation of communication cable routes
Section 6 Laying communication cables across water barriers

6.1.General provisions

6.2 Preparatory work

6.3 Laying cables through water obstacles using a knife cable laying machine

6.4 Preliminary development of subsea trenches

6.5 Laying the cable from the watercraft into the finished trench

6.6 Strengthening submarine cables on shore

6.7 Fencing of underwater cable crossings
Section 7 Arrangement of cable entries into public and residential buildings and laying cables in them

7.1 General provisions

7.2 Installation of underground cable entry into the building

7.3 Device for aerial cable entry into the building

7.4 Open laying of cables along the walls of buildings

7.5 Use of a construction gun when laying cables and installing communication equipment

7.6 Arranging cable passages through walls and ceilings

7.7 Laying and securing cables

7.8 Laying cables in hidden wiring channels
Section 8 Construction of overhead pole and rack communication lines with suspension of wires and cables

8.1 General provisions

8.2 Linear fittings, materials and tools

8.3 Supports

8.4 Manufacturing and equipment of supports

8.5 Layout of the line route

8.6 Transporting supports

8.7 Digging holes for supports

8.8 Installation and strengthening of supports

8.9 Cable supports

8.10 Wire rolling and wire connection

8.11 Suspension and adjustment of wires

8.12 Tying wires on insulators

8.13 Cable suspension on overhead pole lines

8.14 Construction of rack-mount communication lines
Section 9 Construction of fiber-optic transmission lines on overhead power lines with voltage 0.4 - 35 kV

9.1 General provisions

9.2 Organization and carrying out preparatory work

9.3 Rolling out and hanging OK

9.4 Performing OK descents from supports

9.5 Installation of couplings

9.6 Laying cables in a cable block (cable duct) and in the ground
PREFACE

When developing the first edition of the "Manual..." sections were compiled: 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 19 - Yu.G. Kanevsky; 3 - E.P. Dubrovsky; 4, 12 - A.K. Belenko; 11 - SM. Kuleshov, and A.A. Nikitin; V.V. Koltsov; 13 - A.A. Nikitin; 14 – S.P. Chrome; 15 - N.G. Prince; 16 - G.I. Inyushin; 17 - Ph.D. K.K. Nikolsky, 18-candidate of technical sciences L.D. Razumov.

Responsible and technical editing of the first edition was carried out by Ph.D. IN AND. Maksimov and Yu.G. Kanevsky.

The following people took part in the development of the second edition: Yu.I. Salnikov - general management, Yu.G. Kanevsky - reworking of individual sections, compilation and inclusion of additions in the “Manual...”, adjustment of the content of sections, SM. Kuleshov - revision of sections 11 and 12; Ph.D. V.N. Spiridonov - revision of section 15; P.S. Khaikin - revision of section 13, Yu.G. Kanevsky, SM. Kuleshov, S.Kh. Miftyakhetdinov, Ph.D. V.N. Spiridonov - technical and general editing, N.V. Deitch - technical design and preparation for publication.

The second edition of the “Manual...”, reviewed by specialists from communications industry organizations: ZAO Svyazstroydetal, TsNIIS, OAO Giprosvyaz, OAO Giprosvyaz SPb, OAO MGTS, OAO Mostelefonstroy, ZAO Concern Svyazstroy.

The comments and suggestions of these organizations, in accordance with the summary of comments and suggestions, are included in the content of the “Manual...”.

Comments and suggestions regarding the “Manual...” should be sent to OJSC “SSKTB-TOMASS” (105066, Moscow, Nizhnyaya Krasnoselskaya St., 13), fax: 095-267-33-98.
^ Normative references

This “Manual...” contains references to the following regulatory documents:

Federal Communications Law. M.; 2003

GOST R 1.5-92 General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards

GOST 9.602-89 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging. Underground structures. General requirements for corrosion protection

GOST 25-100-95 Soils. Classification

GOST 1839-80 Asbestos-cement pipes and couplings for non-pressure pipelines. Specifications

GOST 5151*-79 Wooden drums for electrical cables and wires

GOST 8591-76 Hatches for cable wells of telephone sewerage. Specifications

GOST 14857-76 Protection circuits against dangerous voltages and currents arising on wire broadcasting lines. General requirements and standards

Rules for the construction and repair of overhead lines and radio broadcast networks (Ministry of Communications of the USSR, "Svyaz", M. 1975), parts I-IV

Additions and changes to the "Rules for the construction and repair of overhead communication lines and radio broadcast networks" Parts I and III, 1975; M. "Communication": 1979

Rules for the protection of communication lines and structures (Approved by the Government of the Russian Federation dated 07/09/95 No. 578)

Rules for the design, construction, and operation of fiber-optic communication lines on overhead power lines with a voltage of 0.4 - 35 kV, Ministry of Communications of Russia, Ministry of Energy of Russia, M. 2003)

Guidelines for the commissioning of linear structures for wired communications and wired broadcasting. "SSKTB-TOMASS", M., 1990

"Rules for commissioning communication facilities" (Enacted by the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation by order dated 09.09.2002 No. 113)

Temporary regulations for the acceptance of completed construction projects. Gosstroy of Russia, M., 1993

Unified guidelines for the preparation of as-built documentation for completed linear wire communication structures. "SSKTB-THOMASS", M., 1991

Technological map for sealing channels and manholes of cable sewer manholes, OJSC "SSKTB-TOMASS", 1996

TU AHSHZ.623.000 Terminal optical distribution devices and fiber optic cords

TU 16 K71-008-87 Telephone cables with air-paper insulation in lead, steel and aluminum sheaths

TU 16 K71-061-89 Rural communication cables (KSPP)

TU 16 K87-001-00 Optical cables for the Interconnected Communication Network of Russia. JSC "Moskabel-Fujikura"

TU 16-505 221-78 Wires with a polyethylene protective sheath for field communications. Specifications (P-274, P-268)

TU 16.505.715-75 Symmetrical low-frequency communication cables (TZA)

TU 16-705.455-87 Optical cables OZKG-1

TU 3587-001-58743450-2003 Optical cables. Eurocable I LLC

TU 3587-002-51702873-00. Optical cables OMZKGm

TU 3587-006-001-450.628-2-99 Communication cables with loosely laid optical fibers. LLC "Elix-Cable"

TU 3587-009-48973982-2000 Optical communication cables. LLC "Opten"

TU 5297-023-27564371-01 Consoles for cable wells and communication shafts KKCH

TU 529633-001-27459005-00 Protective polyethylene pipes for linear communication structures. CJSC "Plastkom"
^ Notations and abbreviations

(Abbreviations are given in the order they appear in the "Manual...")

Section 1. Organization of construction of linear structures of local communication networks
1.1.General provisions

The local telephone communications network is an integral part of the public communications network, which is part of the Unified Telecommunications Network of the Russian Federation.

Local telephone networks consist of line and station structures.

The lines from telephone sets to distribution boxes are subscriber wiring. Subscriber wiring is included in a telephone distribution box (TPB), from which the distribution cable extends.

Distribution cables from several KRT, as a rule, are included in a distribution cable of appropriate capacity, which is laid to the distribution cabinet (DR) and connected to its terminal devices.

The main types of construction and installation work during the construction of linear structures of local communication networks are:

V) installation of line entries into telephone exchange buildings with installation of metal structures and fittings in cable entry rooms, glove rooms and pits;

d) making electrical measurements during cable installation, as well as on completed communication lines;

Protection of cables from corrosion, from dangerous voltages and currents;

e) installation of equipment for maintaining cables under excess pressure and placing cables under constant excess pressure;

and) drawing up as-built documentation for completed linear structures to present them for delivery to acceptance commissions.
^ 1.2.Organization of construction production
1.2.1. The organization of construction production includes a set of organizational and technical measures that ensure the most efficient use of labor, machines, mechanisms, materials, as a result of which the successful implementation of production goals is achieved, the commissioning of construction projects in a timely manner, with minimal labor and material costs and with high quality of work.

1.2.8. The rights and obligations of the responsible performer of work (work manager, foreman, foreman, worker) are regulated by job descriptions and contract agreements.
^ 1.3.Preparation of construction production
1.3.1. Preparation of construction production should ensure the technological deployment of construction and installation work and the interconnected activities of all partners involved in the construction of linear structures.

1.3.6. The quality of work performed, worker productivity and improvement of labor organization largely depend on the technical equipment of tools, devices and small-scale mechanization. When staffing them, it is recommended to equip teams (links) of workers with tool sets in accordance with their professions. Tool sets must necessarily include labor protection and safety equipment. When using new types of cables, equipment, terminal devices, couplings, installation kits, materials, cable and linear fittings at construction sites, the customer and contractor must agree on decisions on their use at this site and ensure that specialists from contractors and operating organizations are trained in the rules for installing new equipment with involving manufacturers and suppliers.
^ 1.4. Quality control of construction and installation works
1.4.1 A special place in the fulfillment of the contractor’s contractual obligations for the construction of local telephone communication facilities is occupied by the issues of quality control of construction and installation work, which is determined by the compliance of their indicators with the requirements of the project and regulatory documentation.

At the same time, compliance with the rules of their transportation, warehousing and storage is also checked.

All defects identified during operational control must be eliminated before subsequent operations begin.

A) loosening the soil, digging and filling trenches and pits for laying and installing cables, as well as for the construction of communication cable ducts;

b) digging pits for the installation of NRP on cable lines laid in the ground;

C) trenchless construction of horizontal wells through roads, railways and other communications for laying cables;

G) drilling and digging holes for installing overhead communication line supports;

d) planning the route before digging out trenches using machinery and laying cables using cable-laying equipment;

e) reclamation of the disturbed soil layer.

Work on loading and transporting the remaining soil, transporting sand or soft soil, opening and restoring street surfaces are incidental to excavation work.

2.1.2 Excavation work can only be carried out if approved design documentation is available.

2.1.3 When carrying out excavation work, in addition to the requirements of this “Manual...”, you should also comply with the requirements of the current SNiP for excavation work, the “Rules for the protection of communication lines” and other regulatory documents regulating the production of excavation work.

Work on laying local communication cable lines in places where they cross the security zones of the main pipelines of the gas and oil industry, as well as electrical networks, must be carried out taking into account the requirements of the relevant Instructions for excavation work in the security zones of the specified underground communications.

2.1.4 Before the start of excavation work in populated areas, the customer is obliged to obtain a permit from the territorial administration to carry out the work envisaged by the project and transfer it to the contractor.

The contractor is required to obtain a work order based on the permit.

The order specifies:

A) last name, first name, patronymic and position of the person responsible for the work;

b) the deadline for completing construction work at the site, linked to the submitted work project;

V) organizations that are entrusted with the work of restoring road surfaces, replanting green spaces and the timing of this work;

G) organizations whose representatives must be called to the site before the start of excavation work.

2.1.5 Excavation work within the security zones of existing underground structures (power and communication cables, pipelines, etc.), as well as above-ground structures when crossing them (railroads, highways), when laying cables along the side of the road, etc. is allowed only if there is written permission of the organization operating these structures and in the presence of its representative, as well as the responsible performer of the work. Work in such places must be agreed upon and reflected in the design documentation.

2.1.6 The construction organization is obliged, no later than three days before the start of the excavation work specified in 2.1.5, to notify in writing about the upcoming work, and one day before - to call representatives of interested organizations to the work site to clarify the location of the structures they own and coordinate measures, preventing damage to these structures. Until the representatives arrive, excavation work is prohibited.

2.1.7 When working within the security zones of underground communications, the responsible executor of the work is obliged to instruct, against receipt, the foreman and drivers working on the mechanisms about the conditions of work, show the locations of underground communications according to drawings and in kind, mark the boundaries within which it is prohibited to work with the help of earth-moving equipment mechanisms, as well as use impact mechanisms.

Preliminary trenching must be carried out to accurately identify underground structures crossed by the route of the laid communication cable or cable drainage pipeline.

The pits should have a length of 1 m along the axis of the future trench. In the case where underground structures run parallel to the future route, pits must be dug perpendicular to its axis every 20 m. The length of each pit must exceed the width of the designed trench on each side by no less than 0.3 m.

The depth of the pits, if the structures being sought are not found, must exceed the depth of the trench by 0.2 m. The pitting must be carried out in the presence of a representative of the organization operating the underground structures.

Underground structures exposed during excavation and trenching must be protected by a special box and suspended in the manner specified in the working drawings.

2.1.8 Working documentation, a warrant for the right to carry out work and a copy of the written notification document must be located at the place of work.

2.1.9 If, during excavation work, underground structures that are not indicated in the working drawings are discovered, the work must be stopped immediately until the purpose of these structures is clarified and further work is agreed upon with their owners.

2.1.10 In the event of accidental damage to any underground structure, the responsible contractor is obliged to immediately stop work in this place, take measures to ensure the safety of workers, and report the incident to his supervisor and the emergency service of the operating organization.

2.1.11 If gas is detected in trenches or pits, work in them must be stopped immediately, and people must be removed from the danger zone. Work can be continued only after further gas flow has ceased.

2.1.12 All structures damaged during trenching (ditches, drains, ditches, channels, embankments, improved coverings, fences, etc.) must be restored.

On arable lands, the fertile soil layer must be reclaimed. The scope and conditions for performing reclamation work are determined by the project documentation.

2.1.13 When digging trenches and pits, it is necessary to ensure that the size of the area to be torn (especially in cities and towns) allows the work to be completed during the working day.

When constructing linear structures of local networks, excavation work should be mechanized as much as possible.

Manual excavation is allowed in cases where the use of mechanisms is impossible due to local conditions (for example, during the construction of cable ducts and cable laying in urban areas saturated with underground communications) or is not economically feasible due to the small volume of work and the unprofitability in this case of transporting mechanisms over significant distances. distances.
^ 2. 2 Characteristics and classification of soils
2.2.1 Soil is any rock or soil that lies in the upper layers of the earth's crust. Soils have the following main characteristics that determine the methods of their development:

A) volumetric mass - the mass of 1 m3 of soil in its natural state;

b) density - the mass of 1 m3 of soil in a dense state;

V) cohesion - the initial shear resistance of soil;

G) loosening - an increase in the volume of soil when its natural structure is disrupted (measured as a percentage);

d) humidity - the degree of saturation of the soil with water (defined as a percentage, as the ratio of the mass of water in the soil to the mass of solid particles);

e) angle of repose - the angle between the horizontal plane and the side surface of the earthen structure at which the soil is in a state of extreme equilibrium.

2.2.2 Soils can serve:

A) foundation materials for buildings and structures;

b) environment for placing structures in them;

V) the material of the structure itself.

2.2.3 The classification of soils is given in GOST 25100.
2.3 Route layout
2.3.1 The layout of routes for laying cables in the ground or for the construction of cable ducts must be carried out in strict accordance with the working drawings, according to geodetic marks.

2.3.2 Laying out a route consists of two work steps:

A) transfer from the working drawing to nature and fixing the rotary and main intermediate centers of the route axis, which must be given in absolute reference to local landmarks and to the “red line” of the building. The layout should be carried out using a geodetic instrument, when referring to local landmarks - using a measuring chain or tape measure;

b) determining the straightness and transfer in nature of the longitudinal axis of the route between the turning and main intermediate centers using poles, a measuring chain or tape measure.

2.3.3 Securing the straightness of the routes, as well as the locations of control points when laying underground structures using milestones, should be carried out as follows.

The main pole No. 1 with a height of 3 to 4 m with a red flag is installed at the starting point, and the second similar pole No. 2 is installed at the next point (at the turning or main intermediate center) so that it can be seen from the side of the first pole. Then, between the first and second milestones, pole No. 3 is installed so that it is in alignment (on the same straight line) with the first and second milestones. The third and subsequent milestones are installed from the side of the first every 40 to 50 m.

The correct installation of the third milestone is checked by visual sighting from the first to the second milestone. If the third milestone is located on a straight line connecting the first and second milestones, it covers the second milestone for an observer from the side of the first milestone and vice versa. The installation sites of the poles are fixed with pegs (Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 - Installation of milestones
Pegs used to mark routes should have a length of 30 to 40 cm and a diameter of 3 to 4 cm. The lower part of the peg is hewn at the end, and a cut is made on the upper part for marking. To drive a peg, prepare a nest using a crowbar. Pegs should be driven into the ground to a depth of 100 to 150 mm.

2.3.4 When manually excavating a trench at a distance equal to half its width from the pegs, you should pull a cord marking the line of one of the edges of the trench.

2.3.5 In the event that the breakdown reveals a discrepancy between the working drawings and the need to perform work deviating from the design data, the construction organization must invite representatives of the customer and the design organization to resolve the issue of changing the route, which is formalized by an act or correction of the working drawing, which must be certified signatures of representatives of the customer, design and interested organizations.

2.3.6 In the process of laying out hydraulic transport routes, the following must be taken into account:

A) the intersection of streets with underground civil engineering structures should be carried out at an angle of 90° to the axis of the street, only if this is not possible, a deviation from the right angle within no more than 45° is allowed;

B) the intersection of rail tracks (railway and tram) with underground hydraulic structures should only be carried out at an angle of 90°;

C) in gardens, parks and squares, the layout of routes should be carried out in the presence of a representative of landscape gardening and green construction, taking into account the least damage to green spaces.

2.3.7 When laying out the route for laying cable ducts and communication cables in the ground, it is necessary to maintain the distances from above-ground and underground structures specified in the design documentation.
^ 2.4 Fencing of earthen production sites
2.4.1 Excavation work sites in urban conditions should be fenced with slingshots on portable stands (Figure 2.2a and Figure 2.26), and if necessary for production purposes or at the request of the territorial administration - with inventory panels (Figure 2.3a and Figure 2.36) or a solid fence. By agreement with the owner of the work site, warning plastic tapes can be used

The fencing must indicate: the name of the construction organization, the name and telephone number of the work manufacturer.

b) fencing a trench dug on the sidewalk

Figure 2.2 - Fencing trenches and pits with slingshots on portable stands

Figure 2.3a - Inventory fencing panel

Figure 2.36 - Rack for installing the inventory fencing shield
2.4.2 If it is necessary to carry out excavation work on the roadway, the organization carrying out this work must agree with the local traffic police on a scheme for fencing the work site and placing road signs, indicating the types of work and the timing of their completion. The work site, which impedes the movement of traffic, must be fenced off during the day with "quiet movement" signs, and at nightfall and in thick fog - with a red light signal. Light signals are installed at the ends of trenches and at pits.

2.4.3 To ensure normal passage of vehicles and pedestrians when digging up streets, roads and driveways over trenches, transport bridges (Figure 2.4) and pedestrian bridges with railings (Figure 2.5) must be installed. Transport bridges must be designed for the passage of trackless vehicles across the street with an axle load of 10 tons, and when entering courtyards - 7 tons.

The pedestrian inventory bridge must have dimensions: width of at least 0.75 m, height with railings - 1.0 m.

The length of bridges and bridges should cover the trench or pit beyond the natural slope so that when they are used, the walls do not collapse.

Trenches and pits under transport bridges must be secured with spacers.

Figure 2.4 - Transport bridge

Figure 2.5 - Pedestrian bridge
2.4.4 The work site under the tram tracks must be fenced with special fences and signals installed at a distance specified by the safety regulations for this work.
^ 2.5 Opening and restoration of road and street surfaces
2.5.1 Opening up road and street surfaces is the most labor-intensive work process that precedes excavation work and therefore requires maximum mechanization.

2.5.2 The opening of asphalt covers is carried out using asphalt cutters and pneumatic breaking tools.

Concrete breakers should be used to open concrete covers and foundations of streets and roads. Jackhammers and concrete breakers are driven by mobile compressor stations.

2.5.3 Cobblestone pavements can be opened using bucket excavators or pneumatic breakers.

2.5.4 Opening of street covers is carried out on an area determined by the size of trenches or pits, taking into account the standards for additional opening of covers given in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 - Standards for additional opening of street covers

2.5.5 When carrying out work in parks and squares, the top vegetation cover is considered as street cover.

2.5.6 The materials obtained from the opening of street covers, as well as other upper layers of soil, in order to avoid backfilling and clogging with soil removed from the trench, should be placed at a distance of at least 1 m from the edge of the trench on the side opposite to the soil dump.

2.5.7 Temporary paving of trenches and pits on the roadway must be carried out by the construction organization performing the excavation work immediately after its completion. The final restoration of street surfaces is carried out by specialized organizations under contracts with construction organizations.
^ 2.6 Open-pit development of soil in trenches and pits
2.6.1 Trenches and pits for laying and installing cables, as well as for the construction of cable ducts, must, as a rule, be torn out using a mechanized method.

2.6.2 Depending on the types of line-cable structures and the conditions of excavation work, it is recommended to use the following earth-moving mechanisms:

A) when digging trenches in suburban sections of STS cable lines, as well as for laying pipelines in urban areas of new development - continuous chain and rotary excavators, and for small volumes - single-bucket excavators

Excavators;

b) when digging pits for installing prefabricated reinforced concrete cable duct wells, installing couplings in the ground, as well as for installing LUP and NRP - single-bucket excavators.

2.6.3 The width of the trenches developed by earth-moving mechanisms is determined by the size of the working body (bucket, scraper).

2.6.4 The width of the trenches using the manual development method, depending on the number of cables to be laid and the depth of their installation, is shown in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 - Width of trenches for manual development

2.6.5 When mining, soil should be placed in a dump:

A) pits and trenches up to 1.2 m deep - at a distance of less than 0.5 m from the edge (in populated areas - from the side of the roadway);

b) pits with a depth of more than 1.2 m - at a distance of at least 1 m from the edge.

When digging pits, it is allowed to throw soil on both sides.

2.6.6 On the slopes of ravines, steep ascents and descents over 30° and up to 45°, the trench should be dug in a zigzag manner (“snake”), with a maximum deviation from the axial straight line of 1.5 m over a length of 5 m (Figure 2.6). For slopes from 30° to 45°, the cable is laid with conventional armor, and for slopes above 45° - with wire armor.

Figure 2.6 - Laying the cable “snake” at a slope of 30° to 45°
^ 2.7 Development of trenches and pits in frozen soils
2.7.1 In frozen soils with a frozen layer thickness of up to 0.25 m, it is allowed to develop trenches using single-bucket excavators with a bucket capacity of up to 0.5 m3 without preliminary loosening. If the depth of soil freezing is more than 0.25 m, it is necessary to preliminary loosen the soil to the full depth of freezing and remove the loosened soil with a single-bucket excavator, or to develop trenches to the full depth with rotary excavators in accordance with their technical characteristics.

2.7.2 When manually developing trenches and pits in frozen soil, which is usually carried out for the construction of cable ducts in urban areas with a large number of underground communications, preliminary heating of the soil is used.
Table 2.3 shows methods for thawing soil.
Table 2.3 - Technical and economic indicators of various methods of soil thawing

2.7.3 In practice, frozen soils are thawed by burning wood fuel under metal boxes.

The use of coal and petroleum products as fuel is practically impossible due to severe pollution of the surrounding air. It seems most acceptable to heat the soil using infrared gas burners. This method requires appropriate technical equipment and implementation in construction production,

2.7.4 When heating the soil in populated areas where there are underground structures, safety regulations must be observed and the safety of these structures must be ensured.
^ 2.8 Fastening the walls of trenches and pits
2.8.1 The development of trenches and pits with vertical walls in soils of natural moisture without fastening can be carried out at a depth:

No more than 1 m - in bulk, sandy and gravelly soils;

No more than 1.25 m - in sandy and loamy soils;

No more than 1.5 m - in clay soils;

No more than 2 m - in particularly dense soils. In this case, the work should be carried out immediately after the excavation of trenches and pits.

2.8.2 If the specified depths are exceeded, digging trenches and pits is allowed only if vertical walls are fastened or slopes of acceptable steepness are constructed (Figure 2.7).

Figure 2.7 - Determination of slope steepness
The maximum permissible steepness of slopes of trenches and pits in soils of natural moisture should be determined according to Table 2.4.

2.8.3 Digging trenches and pits in frozen soils of all types, with the exception of dry sand, can be carried out with vertical walls without fastenings to the entire depth of their freezing. When deepening below the freezing level, fastening must be done.

2.8.4 Trenches and pits in dry (loose) sandy soils, regardless of the degree of their freezing, should be developed to ensure the established steepness of the slopes or with a device for fastening the walls.

2.8.5 Digging trenches and pits in heated (thawed) soils should be carried out by ensuring the required steepness of the slopes or installing wall fastenings in those cases (or places) when the depth of the heated area exceeds the dimensions indicated in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4 - Maximum permissible slope slopes of trenches and pits

2.8.6 At intersections with railway or tram tracks, it is necessary to develop trenches and pits with mandatory fastening of their walls. Tracks should be secured with rail packages only in cases provided for by the project, agreed upon with the service for the operation of these tracks.

2.8.7 Types of fastening pits and trenches with vertical walls are shown in Figure 2.8 and Table 2.5.

A) horizontal frame mounting;

b) horizontal-solid fastening;

V) horizontal fastening with gaps;

G) mixed fastening: horizontal, solid and tongue-and-groove;

d) vertical frame mounting;

e) vertical-solid fastening
Figure 2.8 - Methods of fastening the walls of trenches and pits
Table 2.5 - Types of fastening pits and trenches with vertical walls

2.8.8 Trenches and pits up to 5 m deep should, as a rule, be secured using equipment. Inventory metal screw spacers (Figure 2.9) are used to reduce the consumption of forest materials.

Figure 2.9 - Screw spacers for fastening trenches
At a depth of more than 3 m, fastenings must be made according to separate projects approved by the management of the construction organization

2.8.9 In the absence of inventory devices, fastening parts for trenches and pits must be manufactured on site in compliance with the following requirements:

A) for fastening soils of natural moisture (except sandy), boards with a thickness of at least 40 mm should be used, and for soils with high humidity - at least 50 mm. The boards should be laid behind vertical posts close to the ground and reinforced with spacers;

b) fastening posts must be installed at least every 1.5 m;

V) the vertical distance between the spacers should not exceed 1 m. The spacers are secured with a stop;

G) the top boards should protrude at least 15 cm above the edges;

d) The fastening points on which the shelves for transporting soil rest must be reinforced. The shelves are fenced with side boards no less than 15 cm high.

2.8.10 The development of excavations in soils saturated with water (quicksands) should be carried out according to individual projects that provide for safe methods of carrying out work - artificial dewatering, sheet piling, etc.

2.8.11 The fastenings of pits and trenches should be dismantled from the bottom up, as the soil is backfilled, and at the same time no more than two or three boards should be removed in normal soil, and no more than one board in quicksand. Before removing the boards of the lower part of the fastening, temporary oblique struts must be installed above, and old struts must be removed only after installing new ones; fastenings must be disassembled in the presence of the responsible performer of the work.

In places where dismantling the fastenings can cause damage to structures under construction, as well as in quicksand soils, it is possible to leave the fastenings partially or completely in the ground.

2.8.12 The walls of pits and trenches excavated by earth-moving machines must be secured with ready-made shields, which are lowered and pushed out from above (workers are prohibited from descending into an unsecured trench). The development of trenches using earth-moving machines without fastenings must be carried out with slopes.

2.8.13 The need, volume, and method of fastening trenches are determined by design and estimate documentation.
2.9 Filling trenches and pits, transporting soil
2.9.1 When backfilling trenches and pits in suburban areas of the cable route, measuring posts must be installed in appropriate places. All underground

Structures (couplings, cables, laid pipes, etc.) must be recorded in the working drawings of the project and “tied” to permanent landmarks.

Backfilling of trenches and pits, as a rule, should be done using mechanisms: bulldozers and trench-fillers.

2.9.2 In urban areas, trenches should be filled with excavated soil in such a way that the most loose part of it falls into the lower layers of the trench.

Trenches dug with preliminary removal of the hard road surface should be filled with sandy soil.

In winter, trenches and pits should be filled with thawed soil or sand.
2.9.3 Backfilling of soil should be done in layers no more than 20 cm thick with careful layer-by-layer compaction using electric, pneumatic or manual tampers.

When using bulldozers for backfilling, it is also necessary to ensure layer-by-layer backfilling with soil compaction.

2.9.4 Filling trenches and pits with soil clogged with construction waste, remnants of hard covering, etc. is not allowed.

2.9.5 Trenches dug in rocky soils must be filled with imported loose soil without rock residues or with sand to a height of 0.2-0.3 m to protect cables or pipes from mechanical damage. The rest of the trench is backfilled with soil removed from it.

2.9.6 Trenches with wall fastenings are backfilled after the fastenings are removed. If disassembling the fastenings is impossible (dangerous), the latter, as noted, can be partially or completely left in the trench and filled up.

2.9.7 On suburban sections of the route, as well as on unplanned and unpaved streets, a soil roller should be formed above the trench to compensate for its subsequent shrinkage.

2.9.8 Backfilling of trenches and pits in areas of exposed existing underground structures must be carried out in the presence of representatives of the relevant operating organizations.

2.9.9 During the construction of hydraulic structures, the soil remaining after laying pipelines, cables and installing wells, as well as clogged soil and construction waste must be removed from the work site.

2.9.10 The soil should be transported by dump trucks and loaded whenever possible using mechanical loaders or single-bucket excavators. Manual loading of soil is carried out in small volumes, when the use of mechanisms is impractical. When excavating soil from pits with single-bucket excavators, excess soil should be loaded into vehicles directly by the digging mechanism.

2.9.11 Excess soil must be transported, first of all, to places where soil must be added to the planning mark. Only after this should the soil be transported to landfills, the location of which must be agreed with the territorial administration.

2.9.12 When loading and transporting soil, it is necessary to ensure that standard materials obtained from opening the street surfaces (stones, slabs, etc.) are not taken away from the road along with the soil.
^ 2.10 Construction of horizontal wells for cable crossings across roads and railways
2.10.1 If it is impossible to carry out cable crossings through roads and railways using an open method, horizontal wells should be constructed by concealed penetration under the roads.

2.10.2 Hidden penetration can be carried out:

A) puncture with soil compaction without excavation;

b) drilling;

V) by pressing the case (large-diameter steel pipe) and removing soil from it.

2.10.3 Work on the installation of horizontal wells should be carried out only if there is a working drawing agreed upon with all interested organizations. Work on constructing horizontal wells through railways must be carried out in the presence of road representatives.

2.10.4 In all cases of constructing horizontal wells, the well route must be laid out, the entrance and receiving pits must be laid out and excavated. The walls of the pits being torn off must be secured securely with inventory boards or 40 mm thick boards with spacers, regardless of the type of equipment.

2.10.5 The drilling of horizontal wells is carried out using pneumatic punches, for example, types IP-4603A, IP-4610 (Figure 2.10), the technical characteristics of which are given in Table 2.6.

Compressed air is supplied to the pneumatic punches from mobile compressor stations.

A) without expander;

b), c) with expander
Figure 2.10 - Pneumatic punch IP-4603A
Table 2.6 - Technical data of pneumatic punches

2.10.6 The design of the pneumatic punch allows it to be returned from the well by reversing it if it encounters an insurmountable obstacle or deviates from the required direction.

2.10.7 Work on piercing a well is carried out in the sequence indicated below, observing the following requirements:

A) the entrance and receiving pits are torn off.

The length of the entrance pit (along the axis of the well) should be 5 m, the width - 1 m, the depth should correspond to the design depth of the well, but not less than 1 m (to avoid spontaneous release of the pneumatic punch to the surface).

The length of the receiving pit should be from 1.8 to 2.0 m, and the width and depth should be 0.5 m greater than the entrance pit.

The entrance and receiving pits must be located at a distance of at least 3 m from the zero edge of the ditch or road.

The bottom of the entrance pit must be leveled strictly horizontally.

The location of pits and mechanisms is shown in Figure 2.11;

b) the pneumatic punch is placed on the bottom of the pit and oriented in a given direction (in the horizontal and vertical planes) using a cord, a plumb line and a level, as shown in Figure 2.12;

1,2,6 - racks;

3 - cord;

4 - entrance pit;

5 – pneumatic punch
Figure 2.12 - Installation of a pneumatic punch
V) to give the pneumatic punch the desired direction in the vertical and horizontal planes when starting, it is recommended to use a starting device of the IK-9214 type;

G) the pneumatic punch is connected to the compressor using a hose pre-blown with compressed air, which has a fitting (coupling) at the end;

d) the hose is laid on the ground in figure eights or a snake to avoid spontaneous rotation of the pipe, as shown in Figure 2.13;

Figure 2.13 - Laying the hose from the compressor

e) Having opened the valve at the receiver, the pneumatic punch is launched (if unsuccessful, the restart is carried out by bending and then sharply straightening the hose).

and) at the beginning of deepening the pneumatic punch, until it has a reliable adhesion to the ground, it is necessary to apply force to it in the direction of movement using a lever (crowbar);

h) after the pneumatic punch goes deep into the ground for part of the length of the body, the machine must be stopped, check the position of the pneumatic punch and, if it deviates, use a crowbar to move the tail part of the pneumatic punch in the desired direction.

After this, start the pneumatic punch and bring the pressure to nominal (6 kgf/cm2).

When passing through soft soils, if the forward movement of the machine stops (the machine works in one place), it is recommended to reduce the compressed air pressure.

To avoid self-reversal or stopping of the pneumatic punch during operation, you must constantly ensure that the hose enters the well without kinks or rotation. When the pneumatic punch comes out of the ground, in order to avoid collapse of the wall of the receiving pit, the pressure should be reduced from 3 to 4 kgf/cm2;

And) the well, if necessary, is expanded by secondary penetration with a pneumatic punch with an expander of the appropriate diameter attached to its body;

To) when encountering an insurmountable obstacle or an unacceptable deviation of the pneumatic punch from the desired direction, it must be stopped and returned from the well by reversing it, which is carried out in accordance with the factory instructions attached to the pneumatic punch;

k) after the pneumatic punch comes out of the ground into the receiving pit, stop the air supply and remove the pneumatic punch from the pit;

m) at low temperatures and high humidity, when there is a danger of the machine freezing, it is recommended to use moisture separators and lubricate the punch with diesel fuel;

m) asbestos-cement pipes should be connected to each other using steel collars (Figure 2.14) and, as they are connected, pushed into the well using a lever (crowbar) and a support board. In this case, a plug should be put on the end of the first pipe (plugs are used to close unoccupied cable ducts)

1 - asbestos-cement pipe;

2 - welded steel cuff;

3 - collar for stopping the asbestos-cement pipe
Figure 2.14 - Joint of asbestos-cement pipes using steel cuffs
2.10.8 The construction of horizontal wells with a diameter of up to 250 mm in soils of groups I-IV can be carried out using a BG-ZM hydraulic press. The BG-ZM installation is powered by a gasoline engine with a pump unit. Technical data of the BG-ZM hydraulic press are given in Table 2.9.
Table 2.9 - Technical data of the hydraulic press BG-ZM

2.10.9 The installation of a horizontal well is carried out in the following sequence:

A) an entrance (working) pit of a rectangular shape, 220 cm long and 160 cm wide, is torn off, the bottom of which should be located 50 cm below the axis of the pipelines being laid (the depth of the pipeline is determined by the project).

At the bottom of the pit, a flooring should be made of 40 mm thick boards, secured to three 150x100 mm cross beams. A trench is also opened on the other side of the passage;

b) the walls of the pit are secured using the methods specified in 2.10.4;

V) The hydraulic press is installed strictly horizontally (in level). The base plates are installed parallel and vertically (Figure 2.16);

G) After starting the installation, the first rod with a screwed-on cone-shaped tip with a diameter of 70 mm is pushed into the ground.

As they are pressed into the ground, the rods are screwed onto each other until the first rod with a tip appears in the trench on the other side of the transition;

d) Having removed the tip with a diameter of 70 mm, an expander with a diameter of 130 mm is screwed onto the end of the rod and the rod with the expander is pulled into the well in the opposite direction. The diameter of the well can be increased by sequentially pulling a rod with expanders with a diameter of 170, 210 and 250 mm in both directions;

e) asbestos-cement pipes are pulled into the well, as indicated in 2.10.7n).

Figure 2.16 – Installation of a hydraulic press in a working pit
^ 2.11 Installation of cable transitions with laying of asbestos-cement pipes in metal cases
2.11.1 Trenchless laying of cable sewerage pipelines through railways and roads with a number of channels of more than six is carried out, as a rule, with the installation of a metal case using the pushing method.

This method consists in the fact that the extruded pipe, with the end equipped with a knife, is pressed into the soil mass, after which the resulting soil core is developed and removed from the pipe (case).
2.11.2 Installations for pushing metal cases are usually installed using hydraulic jacks GD-170/1150, GD-170/1600 or GD-500/600, high-pressure pumps and control devices.

The jacks mentioned above have a reverse motion.

2.11.3 The most common installations for pressing metal cases are: the PU-2 installation and the U-12/60 installation.

Casing diameter, mm................................... 920

Maximum laying length, m...................up to 60

Laying speed, m/shift.................................... 6-10

Stroke of hydraulic jack rods, mm........................ 1150

Pressure in the hydraulic system, mPa.................................... 30

Maximum force of hydraulic jacks, kN....... 3400

Total installed power, kW................... 51.5

Total weight of the installation, t.................................. 13

The technology for using this installation is given in the standard design solutions "Trenchless laying of sewerage pipelines and communication cables 1-045-3-86", developed by the Giprosvyaz-2 Institute.

2.11.5 The U-12/60 installation for trenchless pipe laying is designed for laying steel pipes (casings) with a diameter of 1220 mm in dry and moist soils of groups I-III. The use of the installation makes it possible to carry out all work during trenchless laying of the casing without the presence of workers in the face, with mechanized development and removal of soil.

The U-12/60 installation has the following technical data:

Casing diameter, mm.................................................... ... 1220

Maximum laying length, m.................................... 60

Section length (maximum), m....................................6

Hydraulic jack force, kN.................................... .... 3400

Power of drive electric motors, kW....... 18

Stroke of the hydraulic jack rod, mm.................................... 1000

Weight of a separate block, kg................................... 2420

Installation weight, t......................................................... ...... ... 12.7

The installation head, welded to the extruded casing (pipe), absorbs soil resistance. Soil is removed using a shuttle located inside the head equipped with a locking device.

For trenchless laying of a pipe (casing) using the U-12/60 installation, a pit 13 m long, 3 m wide and 0.1 m deep must be prepared below the design elevation of the base of the pipe being laid. In the rear part, the pit widens and deepens to install a base of beams and sleepers and install an inventory shoe.

The work consists of periodically pressing the pipe being laid to the stroke length of the jacks (1000 mm), followed by removing the shuttle with soil from the pipe being laid and unloading it into a dump or into transport.

Filling of the shuttle with soil is ensured by pressing the pipe with hydraulic jacks when wedging the shuttle in the head of the pipe being pressed.

When operating the installation, it is necessary to ensure reliable fastening of the shuttle in the head.
^ 2.12 Installation of cable transitions using horizontal directional drilling
2.12.1 Foreign companies, for example, the USA, Germany, the Netherlands, etc., produce horizontal directional drilling units (UDD). They are characterized by high technical capabilities for laying casing pipelines into a well drilled or pressed into the ground, the length of which can be from several tens of meters to one and a half kilometers. The well can be drilled at a depth of 10 to 30 m (depending on the type of UGNB).

The technology used in UGNB installations makes it possible to lay pipelines and cables under the bottom of rivers, lakes, canals and other water barriers, ravines, swamps, under roads and railways.

The small dimensions of most UGNBs make it possible to carry out work in cramped urban conditions.

2.12.2 The technology of work performed with the help of UGNB comes down to the following. The UGNB is installed at the location determined by the project (on one of the sides of the crossing). The operator drills a pilot well along a given trajectory, controlling the position of the drill head and extension rods using a special device. After the drill head reaches a given point (on the other side of the transition), depending on the required diameter of the well, it is expanded using the expanders included in the installation kit, after which a polyethylene pipe of the required diameter is pulled into the well.

In this case, to reduce friction between the outer walls of the pipe and the well, a clayey drilling fluid is introduced into it, which lubricates and forms a channel. A halyard (workpiece) is pulled into the pipe, and with its help the cable is pulled.

^ 2.12.3 The technology for installing cable transitions using UGNB has the following advantages:

A) the volume of excavation work is reduced as much as possible and the length of the cable transition is significantly increased to 1500 m;

b) the labor costs and cost of installing long (more than 100 m) cable crossings are reduced several times compared to developing open trenches for them;

V) the movement of watercraft is not suspended on water barriers, just as the movement of trains on railways and vehicles on roads is not limited;

G) the safety and service life of cable transitions is significantly higher than those carried out using traditional methods;

d) work with UGNB in cities does not create significant inconvenience to the population;

e) Damage to the landscape outside the city, as well as underground and above-ground facilities in populated areas, has been minimized.

Figure 2.17 shows the stages of drilling a well. The characteristics of the installations of the Vermeer "Navigator" series are given in Appendix B (for reference).

2.12.4 Cable crossings at intersections with Federal highways, railways, and gas and oil pipelines are recommended to be made using the UGNB method, with polyethylene pipes with an outer diameter of 63 or 110 mm being pulled into a drilled well.

The number of pipes and their diameter, as well as their layout, are determined by the project.

A) pilot well;

b) pre-expansion;

V) reverse pull
Figure 2.17 - Stages of drilling a well using UGNB
When making cable crossings across roads and railways using UGNB, the depth of the borehole and laying pipes from the road surface of a road or the bottom of a railway rail must be at least three meters from the top of the pipe (well), as well as 1.5 m below the bottom of the waterways structures or the base of road embankments.

The installation of cable crossings in the body of a highway embankment is not permitted.

2.12.5 Workers who have been trained in special courses for UGNB operators are allowed to perform work with UGNB.

2.12.6 The need to install cable crossings using horizontal directional drilling is established by the project.

2.12.7 Work with UNGB must be carried out in strict accordance with the instructions or operating manuals for installations provided by the manufacturer upon purchase of each UNGB.
^ 2.13 Land reclamation
2.13.1 Land reclamation consists of restoring the fertile layer of soil disturbed during excavation work.

To do this, when digging trenches in the area of arable land, the fertile layer is removed, transported and stored until the end of the excavation work, after which it must be applied to the disturbed areas of soil. Places where the fertile soil layer is dumped should not be subject to flooding with water or contamination with debris.

2.13.2 Removal, transportation and application of the fertile soil layer must be carried out before the onset of stable negative temperatures.

2.13.3 Removal and movement of the fertile soil layer is carried out by a bulldozer, or, in the absence of mechanisms, by hand.

2.13.4 Land reclamation must be carried out in strict accordance with the project.
3 Construction of underground communication cable duct
^ 3.1 General provisions
3.1.1 The local telephone network cable drainage system is a set of underground pipelines and wells designed for the laying, installation and maintenance of local communication cables.

3.1.2 Underground communication cable sewer pipelines are constructed from single-hole and multi-hole pipes (blocks) - a total of up to 48, and possibly more channels, laid mainly under the pedestrian part of the streets.

Asbestos-cement, concrete and polyethylene pipes can be used as communication pipelines, and in places where the depth is forced to be reduced, steel pipes with an appropriate anti-corrosion coating can be used.

The use of polyvinyl chloride pipes is allowed.

3.1.3 Along the route of laying cable sewerage pipelines, wells (inspection devices) are built for laying communication cables in pipelines, their installation (splicing) and operational maintenance.

Containers for regenerators of PCM transmission systems can also be installed in wells.

The distance between cable ducts must be determined by the design.

For laying communication cables, tray cable ducting can also be used, which is an underground or semi-underground tray with an overlap. Local communication cables are also laid in underground sewers and tunnels.

3.1.4 Underground collectors are tunnels of rectangular or circular cross-section, built along city highways with a significant accumulation of various underground communications (communication cables, power cables, heating networks, water supply, etc.). Collectors must be equipped with fastening structures for laying out communications for various purposes, sealed electric lighting systems, alarm systems, water removal, ventilation, etc.

The construction of collectors is usually carried out by city engineering organizations using open or closed methods at various depths depending on local

Terms.

3.1.5 Telephone exchange buildings have a cable entry room with an exit into multi-hole cable duct blocks or a tunnel, and if the routes are available and coincident, into citywide or departmental underground collectors and partially into metro tunnels.

3.1.6 Cable entry rooms should be located in waterproofed basement floors of telephone exchange buildings (or other buildings) under the cross-station room. The entry of cable ducts into the communication facility is provided for by the project, as a rule, from two opposite sides of the building.

3.1.7 The cable entry room must be equipped with fastening structures for laying out and unsoldering cables, stationary and explosion-proof electric lighting, ventilation, alarm system, etc.

At low-capacity stations, instead of a cable entry room, a pit with an input cabinet is installed or line cables are unsoldered in the station well.

MANAGEMENT

for construction

linear structures

local communication networks (part 1).

Notations and abbreviations

Section 1. Organization of construction of linear structures of local communication networks

1.1.General provisions

1.2.Organization of construction production

1.3.Preparation of construction production

1.4.Quality control of construction and installation works

Section 2. Excavation work

2.1.General provisions

2.2.Characteristics and classification of soils

2.3. Layout of routes

2.4. Fencing of excavation work sites

2.5. Opening and restoration of road and street surfaces

2.6. Open-pit development of soil in trenches and pits

2.7.Development of trenches and pits in frozen soils

2.8. Fastening the walls of trenches and pits

2.9.Filling trenches and pits, transporting soil

2.10. Construction of horizontal wells for cable crossings across roads and railways

2.11. Arrangement of cable transitions with laying of asbestos-cement pipes in metal cases

2.12. Installation of cable transitions using horizontal directional drilling

2.13 Land reclamation

Section 3 Construction of underground communication cable duct

3.1 General provisions

3.2 Types and sizes of pipes and communication cable ducting units

3.3 General requirements for laying communication cable ducts

3.4 Technology for laying cable drainage pipelines from asbestos-cement pipes

3.5 Technology for laying cable drainage pipelines from concrete blocks

3.6 Technology for laying cable drainage pipelines from polyethylene pipes

3.7 Laying PVC pipes

3.8 Laying pipelines on bridges

3.9 Inserting pipelines into cable drainage wells

3.10 Communication cable ducts

3.11 Basic materials for the construction and manufacture of communication cable ducts

3.12 Production and construction of reinforced concrete wells

3.13 Construction of brick wells

3.14 Pit pits for communication cable ducts

3.15 Equipment of communication cable ducts

3.16 Features of the construction of communication cable ducts in busy and difficult street conditions

3.17 Construction and equipment of wells to accommodate unattended regeneration intermediate points of PCM transmission systems

3.18 Construction of a communication cable tray on waterlogged soils in the north

3.19 Arrangement of cable entries for local communication networks into the buildings of communication enterprises

3.20 Distribution cabinets

3.21 Use of multichannels (blocks) made of plastic

Section 4. Laying cables of local communication networks in underground cable ducts, collectors, tunnels, along bridges and in the premises of communication enterprises

4.1 General provisions. Incoming control of building lengths.

4.2 Grouping of cable lengths

4.3 Preparing cable ducts for laying cables

4.4 Laying communication cables with metal conductors in cable ducts

4.5 Features of laying optical cables

4.6 Laying communication cables in wells

4.7 Laying communication cables in collectors, tunnels and bridges

4.8 Laying communication cables in protective plastic pipes (PPP)

Section 5 Laying local communication network cables in the ground

5.1 General provisions

5.2 Route layout

5.3 Laying cables in an open trench

5.4 Laying communication cables using cable layers

5.5 Features of laying cables with outer plastic sheaths

5.6 Features of laying optical cables

5.7 Cable laying in permafrost areas

5.8 Features of work in mountain conditions

5.9 Features of cable laying in winter

5.10 Designation of communication cable routes

Section 6 Laying communication cables across water barriers

6.1.General provisions

6.2 Preparatory work

6.3 Laying cables through water obstacles using a knife cable laying machine

6.4 Preliminary development of subsea trenches

6.5 Laying the cable from the watercraft into the finished trench

6.6 Strengthening submarine cables on shore

6.7 Fencing of underwater cable crossings

Section 7 Arrangement of cable entries into public and residential buildings and laying cables in them

7.1 General provisions

7.2 Installation of underground cable entry into the building

7.3 Device for aerial cable entry into the building

7.4 Open laying of cables along the walls of buildings

7.5 Use of a construction gun when laying cables and installing communication equipment

7.6 Arranging cable passages through walls and ceilings

7.7 Laying and securing cables

7.8 Laying cables in hidden wiring channels

Section 8 Construction of overhead pole and rack communication lines with suspension of wires and cables

8.1 General provisions

8.2 Linear fittings, materials and tools

8.4 Manufacturing and equipment of supports

8.5 Layout of the line route

8.6 Transporting supports

8.7 Digging holes for supports

8.8 Installation and strengthening of supports

8.9 Cable supports

8.10 Wire rolling and wire connection

8.11 Suspension and adjustment of wires

8.12 Tying wires on insulators

8.13 Cable suspension on overhead pole lines

8.14 Construction of rack-mount communication lines

Section 9 Construction of fiber-optic transmission lines on overhead power lines with voltage 0.4 - 35 kV

9.1 General provisions

9.2 Organization and carrying out preparatory work

9.3 Rolling out and hanging OK

9.4 Performing OK descents from supports

9.5 Installation of couplings

9.6 Laying cables in a cable block (cable duct) and in the ground

PREFACE

Responsible and technical editing of the first edition was carried out by Ph.D. And.

The second edition of the “Manual...”, reviewed by specialists from organizations in the Communications industry: CJSC Svyazstroydetal, TsNIIS, St. Petersburg, OJSC MGTS, OJSC Mostelefonstroy, CJSC Concern Svyazstroy.

The comments and suggestions of these organizations, in accordance with the summary of comments and suggestions, are included in the content of the “Manual...”.

Comments and suggestions regarding the “Manual...” should be sent to OJSC "SSKTB-TOMASS" (105066, Moscow, Nizhnyaya Krasnoselskaya St., 13),

This “Manual...” contains references to the following regulatory documents:

Federal Communications Law. M.; 2003

GOST R 1.5-92 General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards

GOST 9.602-89 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging. Underground structures. General requirements for corrosion protection

GOST 25-100-95 Soils. Classification